{"id":6592,"date":"2026-09-29T06:50:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T06:50:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/?page_id=6592"},"modified":"2026-11-13T17:06:16","modified_gmt":"2026-11-13T17:06:16","slug":"biomarkers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/","title":{"rendered":"Biomarkers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"content\" tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div>\n<style>@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,400&display=swap');\n\/* ===========================================================================\n   BioProfile advertorial, the design Jesse approved on 2026-07-30, expressed\n   as a WordPress design system.\n\n   THE @import IS LOAD BEARING and must stay the first thing in this sheet (a\n   CSS @import after any rule is dropped by the parser). elementor_canvas does\n   not enqueue the theme's fonts, so without it the whole page falls back to the\n   system font. Caught by LOOKING at the live page on 2026-07-30, right after\n   the template was switched to canvas.\n\n   Everything is scoped to `.bp-adv`, so nothing here can reach the rest of\n   bioprofile.com, and core blocks are styled BY ELEMENT so a heading, a\n   paragraph, a quote, a list, an image or a button inserted by hand inside the\n   advertorial comes out on-design with no class to remember.\n\n   Jesse's design feedback, 2026-07-29 23:38, point by point:\n   1. the light green and the dark green are the preferred colours; grey may be\n      used but the page must NOT open grey;\n   2. more colour and variation across sections, e.g. a colour block on the left\n      or the right side of a section, without overdesign;\n   3. ONE H1, plain text on white; everything else H2 or H3; an H2 may carry its\n      own background colour so the page can be read from the headings alone; an\n      H3 keeps its section background and gets a bigger font size;\n   4. reuse the results page design feel;\n   5. Written by \/ Verified by, the placeholder blocks and noindex stay.\n\n   COLOUR PROVENANCE. Not one hex is invented.\n   - #b7cb32  LIGHT GREEN, brand manual \"colours rejuvenation protocol\"\n              (R183 G203 B51). Same value as --bp-lime in\n              brands\/bioprofile\/brand\/tokens.md.\n   - #006b62  DARK GREEN, brand manual, nourish the cells (R0 G107 B98).\n   - #005859  brand manual primary teal, the value the brand is built on.\n   - #228a62  brand manual, challenge the body (R34 G138 B98).\n   - #7ca64c  brand manual, calm the mind (R124 G166 B76).\n   - #dbd4cd  brand manual \"additional color\", the warm neutral.\n   - #B7CB3329 is the brand token --bp-lime-soft (light green at 16 percent).\n   - the gradients are the brand token layer's own, copied verbatim.\n\n   SPECIFICITY NOTE. Elementor's global kit emits `.elementor-kit-6 h2` style\n   rules at (0,1,1). Element rules below are written `.bp-adv h2`, also (0,1,1),\n   and win on source order because this sheet is inline in the body while the\n   kit is a <link> in the head. Component rules that MUST NOT lose carry two\n   classes, e.g. `.bp-adv .wp-block-button__link`.\n\n   LAYOUT NOTE. Vertical rhythm uses `margin-block` and never the `margin`\n   shorthand, so the measure rule `.bp-adv-sec > * { margin-inline: auto }` can\n   centre a block without being outranked by its own element rule.\n   =========================================================================== *\/\n\n.bp-adv {\n  --bp-ink: #212527;\n  --bp-teal: #005859;\n  --bp-forest: #006B62;\n  --bp-emerald: #228A62;\n  --bp-olive: #7CA64C;\n  --bp-lime: #B7CB33;\n  --bp-lime-soft: #B7CB3329;\n  --bp-sand: #DBD4CB;\n  --bp-white: #FFFFFF;\n  --bp-foot: #6b6b6b;\n  --bp-grad-dark: linear-gradient(237deg, rgba(0,88,89,0.00) 62.94%, #005859 100%), linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(34,138,98,0.00) 40%, #228A62 100%), #006B62;\n  --bp-grad-lime: linear-gradient(110deg, rgba(183,203,51,0.00) 36.06%, rgba(183,203,51,0.25) 97.65%), #FFFFFF;\n  --bp-font: 'Poppins','Segoe UI',Arial,sans-serif;\n  --bp-fs-h1: 44px; --bp-fs-h2: 31px; --bp-fs-h3: 24px; --bp-fs-pre: 15px;\n  --bp-fs-body: 17px; --bp-fs-small: 14px; --bp-fs-foot: 13px; --bp-fs-btn: 17px;\n  --bp-lh-body: 1.75;\n  --bp-s-1: 4px; --bp-s-2: 8px; --bp-s-3: 12px; --bp-s-4: 16px;\n  --bp-s-5: 24px; --bp-s-6: 32px; --bp-s-7: 44px; --bp-s-8: 72px;\n  --bp-measure: 760px; --bp-side: 40px;\n  --bp-radius-photo: 16px; --bp-radius-btn: 10px; --bp-radius-card: 20px;\n  --bp-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0,88,89,0.10);\n  font-family: var(--bp-font);\n  font-size: var(--bp-fs-body);\n  line-height: var(--bp-lh-body);\n  color: var(--bp-ink);\n  background: var(--bp-white);\n  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n}\n.bp-adv, .bp-adv * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n.bp-adv p, .bp-adv li, .bp-adv h1, .bp-adv h2, .bp-adv h3, .bp-adv blockquote,\n.bp-adv a, .bp-adv cite, .bp-adv span { overflow-wrap: break-word; min-width: 0; }\n\n\/* THE TOGGLE. One word in the block's own \"Additional CSS class(es)\" field\n   hides an optional component on the front end without deleting anything. *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-off { display: none !important; }\n\n\/* the page opens on green, never on grey (his point 1) *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-rule {\n  height: 6px; border: 0; margin-block: 0; max-width: none;\n  background: linear-gradient(90deg, #005859 0%, #006B62 38%, #228A62 66%, #B7CB33 100%);\n}\n\n\/* --- section surfaces ------------------------------------------------------ *\/\n.bp-adv-sec { position: relative; background: var(--bp-white);\n  padding: var(--bp-s-8) var(--bp-side); margin-block: 0; }\n\/* the measure: every direct child of a section is the 760px text column *\/\n.bp-adv-sec > * { max-width: var(--bp-measure); margin-inline: auto; }\n.bp-adv-sec > *:last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }\n.bp-adv-sec--wash  { background: linear-gradient(180deg, #B7CB331F 0%, #B7CB3312 100%), #FFFFFF; }\n.bp-adv-sec--dark  { background: var(--bp-grad-dark); color: var(--bp-white); }\n.bp-adv-sec--dark p, .bp-adv-sec--dark cite, .bp-adv-sec--dark li { color: var(--bp-white); }\n.bp-adv-sec--offer { background: var(--bp-grad-lime); text-align: center; }\n.bp-adv-sec--hero  { padding-block-start: var(--bp-s-6); }\n.bp-adv-sec--disclosure { padding-block: var(--bp-s-6);\n  border-top: 1px solid var(--bp-sand); }\n\n\/* --- the side accent bar, his own example (\"a colour block on the left or the\n       right side of a section\"), design rev 3: a slim vertical bar hugging the\n       text column rather than a wide margin panel. Below 1100px the margin is\n       gone, so it becomes a slim top edge. ---------------------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv-rail { overflow: hidden; }\n.bp-adv-rail::before {\n  content: \"\"; position: absolute; top: var(--bp-s-7); bottom: var(--bp-s-7);\n  width: 6px; border-radius: 3px;\n  background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--bp-forest) 0%, var(--bp-lime) 100%);\n}\n.bp-adv-rail--left::before  { left: calc((100% - var(--bp-measure)) \/ 2 - 34px); }\n.bp-adv-rail--right::before { right: calc((100% - var(--bp-measure)) \/ 2 - 34px); }\n@media (max-width: 1099px) {\n  .bp-adv-rail::before { left: 0; right: 0; width: auto; bottom: auto; top: 0;\n    height: 4px; border-radius: 0; background: var(--bp-lime); }\n}\n\n\/* --- CORE BLOCKS, styled by element. This is the part that makes an inserted\n       block come out on-design with no class. --------------------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv p { font-size: var(--bp-fs-body); line-height: var(--bp-lh-body);\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv h1 { font-size: var(--bp-fs-h1); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.22;\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-4); }\n\/* an H2 is its own colour band, so the page can be read from the headings\n   alone (his point 3). Dark green on light sections, light green on the dark\n   one, so a heading always wins against its own background. *\/\n.bp-adv h2 {\n  font-size: var(--bp-fs-h2); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.28;\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5);\n  background: var(--bp-grad-dark); color: var(--bp-white);\n  padding: var(--bp-s-4) var(--bp-s-5);\n  border-radius: var(--bp-radius-btn);\n  border-left: 6px solid var(--bp-lime);\n}\n.bp-adv-sec--dark h2 { background: var(--bp-lime); color: var(--bp-ink);\n  border-left-color: var(--bp-forest); }\n\/* H3: same background as its section, bigger font (his point 3, verbatim) *\/\n.bp-adv h3 { font-size: var(--bp-fs-h3); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.35;\n  color: var(--bp-forest); background: transparent; margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-3); }\n.bp-adv-sec--dark h3 { color: var(--bp-lime); }\n.bp-adv ul, .bp-adv ol { font-size: var(--bp-fs-body); line-height: var(--bp-lh-body);\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); padding-left: var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv li { margin-block-end: var(--bp-s-2); }\n.bp-adv a { color: var(--bp-teal); text-decoration: underline; }\n.bp-adv a:hover { color: var(--bp-olive); }\n.bp-adv-sec--dark a, .bp-adv-sec--dark strong { color: var(--bp-lime); }\n.bp-adv strong { font-weight: 700; }\n\/* the highlight pill. Colours ride on the inline style core writes, so only\n   the shape lives here and any <mark> in the article picks it up. *\/\n.bp-adv mark {\n  padding: 0 10px; border-radius: 10px; display: inline;\n  -webkit-box-decoration-break: clone; box-decoration-break: clone;\n}\n\/* figures match the approved page exactly: card radius plus the soft shadow,\n   and a left-aligned caption rather than core's centred one *\/\n.bp-adv .wp-block-image { margin-block: var(--bp-s-5); margin-inline: auto; }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-image img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto;\n  border-radius: var(--bp-radius-card); box-shadow: var(--bp-shadow); }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-image figcaption { font-size: var(--bp-fs-foot); line-height: 1.55;\n  color: var(--bp-foot); text-align: left; margin-block: var(--bp-s-2) 0; }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-embed, .bp-adv .wp-block-video { margin-block: var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-embed iframe, .bp-adv .wp-block-video video {\n  width: 100%; border-radius: var(--bp-radius-photo); }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-separator:not(.bp-adv-rule) { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--bp-sand);\n  margin-block: var(--bp-s-5); }\n\n\/* quotes: core pullquote and core quote both land on the lime rule. The\n   font-size reset undoes core's own 1.5em on the figure, which would otherwise\n   leak into anything inside the quote that has no size of its own. *\/\n\/* margin-inline is load bearing, and it must be `auto` rather than `0`.\n   `blockquote` and `figure` carry a 40px side margin in the browser's own\n   default stylesheet, which indents the quote inside its rule and makes the\n   copy wrap early on a phone. But these blocks are direct children of a\n   section, so zeroing the side margin also defeats the measure rule\n   `.bp-adv-sec > * { margin-inline: auto }` and pins them to the left edge. *\/\n.bp-adv .wp-block-pullquote, .bp-adv .wp-block-quote {\n  border: 0; border-left: 5px solid var(--bp-lime); background: transparent;\n  padding: var(--bp-s-2) 0 var(--bp-s-2) var(--bp-s-5);\n  margin-block: var(--bp-s-5); margin-inline: auto;\n  text-align: left; font-size: var(--bp-fs-body);\n}\n.bp-adv .wp-block-pullquote blockquote { border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-pullquote p, .bp-adv .wp-block-quote p {\n  font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.45; font-weight: 600;\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-2); color: var(--bp-forest); }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-pullquote cite, .bp-adv .wp-block-quote cite {\n  display: block; margin: 0; font-size: var(--bp-fs-small); color: var(--bp-foot);\n  font-style: normal; text-transform: none; }\n\n\/* buttons: two classes so core's own .wp-block-button__link cannot win *\/\n.bp-adv .wp-block-buttons { display: flex; justify-content: center;\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-4); }\n.bp-adv .wp-block-button__link {\n  display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 48px;\n  background: var(--bp-teal); color: var(--bp-white); font-size: var(--bp-fs-btn);\n  font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; border-radius: var(--bp-radius-btn);\n  padding: 15px 44px; text-decoration: none; transition: background 250ms ease;\n  box-shadow: var(--bp-shadow);\n}\n.bp-adv .wp-block-button__link:hover { background: var(--bp-olive); color: var(--bp-white); }\n\n\/* --- slot 1: pre-headline, headline, sub-headline (Jesse's headline skill) --- *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-preheadline {\n  color: var(--bp-forest); font-size: var(--bp-fs-pre); font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5;\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--bp-lime); padding-left: var(--bp-s-3);\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-4);\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-subheadline { font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: 600;\n  color: var(--bp-forest); margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-standfirst { font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.65;\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-lede { font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.7;\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-byline { font-size: var(--bp-fs-small); color: var(--bp-foot);\n  line-height: 1.6; margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-socialproof { font-size: var(--bp-fs-small); color: var(--bp-foot);\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); }\n\/* the offer headline above the CTA. Jesse asked for a second H1 here; the brand\n   doc's accessibility rule is one h1 per page, so it is rendered at H1 size and\n   stays an h2 element. Named in the close as the one design conflict. *\/\n.bp-adv h2.bp-adv-offerhead {\n  font-size: var(--bp-fs-h1); font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.22;\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-4); text-align: center; color: var(--bp-ink);\n  background: none; padding: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 0;\n}\n\n\/* --- Written by + Verified by. The avatar is the first child and spans the\n       three text rows, so the whole box is four ordinary paragraphs and stays\n       editable without nested columns. ---------------------------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-authors {\n  background: var(--bp-white); border: 1px solid var(--bp-sand);\n  border-top: 4px solid var(--bp-lime); border-radius: var(--bp-radius-card);\n  box-shadow: var(--bp-shadow); padding: var(--bp-s-5);\n  margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-4);\n  \/* auto-fit, so switching the verified box off leaves one full-width author\n     rather than a half-empty card *\/\n  display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));\n  gap: var(--bp-s-5); align-items: start;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-author {\n  display: grid; grid-template-columns: 62px 1fr; gap: 0 var(--bp-s-3);\n  align-items: start; min-width: 0;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-avatar {\n  grid-row: 1 \/ span 3; width: 62px; height: 62px; border-radius: 50%;\n  background: #B7CB331F; border: 2px dashed var(--bp-olive);\n  display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;\n  font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--bp-forest);\n  margin-block: 0;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-author.is-placeholder .bp-adv-avatar {\n  border-color: var(--bp-sand); background: #fff; color: var(--bp-foot); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-author-role {\n  font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.08em; text-transform: uppercase;\n  color: var(--bp-forest); line-height: 1.6; margin-block: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-author.is-placeholder .bp-adv-author-role { color: var(--bp-foot); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-author-name { font-size: 17px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.35;\n  margin-block: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-author-cred { font-size: var(--bp-fs-foot); color: var(--bp-foot);\n  line-height: 1.55; margin-block: 0; }\n\/* the optional wrapper must not break the two-column grid of the box *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-authors > .bp-optional { display: contents; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-authors > .bp-optional.bp-off { display: none !important; }\n\n\/* --- placeholders: image slot, video slot ---------------------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-slot {\n  display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align: center;\n  min-height: 180px; padding: var(--bp-s-4); margin-block: var(--bp-s-5) 0;\n  border: 2px dashed var(--bp-olive); border-radius: var(--bp-radius-photo);\n  background: #B7CB331F; color: var(--bp-forest);\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-slot p { font-size: var(--bp-fs-small); font-weight: 700; margin-block: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-slot--video { min-height: 260px; }\n\n\/* --- mid-article CTA band --------------------------------------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-midcta {\n  background: var(--bp-grad-lime); border: 1px solid var(--bp-lime);\n  border-radius: var(--bp-radius-card); padding: var(--bp-s-5) var(--bp-s-4);\n  margin-block: var(--bp-s-6); text-align: center;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-midcta .wp-block-buttons { margin-block-end: var(--bp-s-2); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-midcta .bp-adv-foot { margin-block: 0; }\n\n\/* the closing CTA is one named unit in List View, so it moves and toggles as a\n   whole. It carries no box of its own: the spacing must read exactly as it does\n   on the approved page, where the three parts are plain siblings. *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-ctablock { margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-ctablock .wp-block-buttons { margin-block-end: var(--bp-s-4); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-ctablock .bp-adv-foot { margin-block: 0; }\n\n\/* --- the condition, slot 8: the results page reference-card shape ----------- *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-condition {\n  background: var(--bp-white); border: 1px solid var(--bp-sand);\n  border-left: 5px solid var(--bp-lime); border-radius: var(--bp-radius-btn);\n  padding: var(--bp-s-4) var(--bp-s-5); font-weight: 600; box-shadow: var(--bp-shadow);\n}\n\n\/* --- the numbers card: the results page focus panel, same gradient, same\n       radius, same lime figures (\"use more of that design\") ------------------ *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-numcard {\n  background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--bp-teal) 0%, var(--bp-forest) 100%);\n  border-radius: var(--bp-radius-card);\n  padding: var(--bp-s-6) var(--bp-s-5) var(--bp-s-5);\n  box-shadow: var(--bp-shadow); margin-block: var(--bp-s-5) 0;\n  position: relative; overflow: hidden;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-numcard::after {\n  content: \"\"; position: absolute; right: -70px; top: -70px; width: 240px; height: 240px;\n  border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); pointer-events: none;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-numcard .wp-block-columns {\n  position: relative; z-index: 1; gap: var(--bp-s-5); margin-block: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-numcard .wp-block-column { min-width: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-num-v { font-size: 44px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.12;\n  color: var(--bp-lime); text-align: center; margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-2); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-num-l { font-size: var(--bp-fs-small); line-height: 1.5;\n  color: rgba(255,255,255,0.92); text-align: center; margin-block: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-numsrc { margin-block: var(--bp-s-5) 0; }\n\n\/* --- the proof slot: a dashed card until a consented quote exists. The quote\n       inside loses its own vertical margins, otherwise the card is one full\n       block of spacing taller than the approved page. --------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-testimonial {\n  border: 1px dashed var(--bp-sand); border-left: 5px dashed var(--bp-sand);\n  background: var(--bp-white); border-radius: var(--bp-radius-card);\n  padding: var(--bp-s-5); margin-block: var(--bp-s-5);\n}\n\/* the card IS the quote frame, so the quote inside it carries no rule and no\n   indent of its own; otherwise the copy is indented twice and wraps early *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-testimonial .wp-block-quote {\n  border: 0; padding: 0; margin-block: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-testimonial .wp-block-quote p {\n  font-size: 17px; font-weight: 500; color: var(--bp-foot); }\n\n\/* --- steps, footnotes, disclosure ------------------------------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-steps {\n  max-width: 520px; margin-block: 0 var(--bp-s-5); margin-inline: auto;\n  padding-left: 0; list-style: none; counter-reset: bpstep; text-align: left;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-steps li { position: relative; padding-left: 40px;\n  margin-block-end: var(--bp-s-3); counter-increment: bpstep; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-steps li::before {\n  content: counter(bpstep); position: absolute; left: 0; top: 4px;\n  width: 26px; height: 26px; border-radius: 50%;\n  background: var(--bp-forest); color: var(--bp-white);\n  font-size: var(--bp-fs-small); font-weight: 700;\n  display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; line-height: 1;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-foot { font-size: var(--bp-fs-foot); color: var(--bp-foot); line-height: 1.6; }\n.bp-adv-sec--dark .bp-adv-foot { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.82); }\n\/* Jesse's mandatory CTA subtext, 2026-07-30 15:59: directly under the button,\n   one notch above the microline in weight so it reads as part of the ask *\/\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-ctasub {\n  margin-block: calc(var(--bp-s-4) * -0.5) var(--bp-s-2); margin-inline: auto;\n  max-width: 460px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: 600;\n  color: var(--bp-teal); text-align: center;\n}\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-disclosure { font-size: var(--bp-fs-foot); color: var(--bp-foot);\n  line-height: 1.6; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-sources { margin-block-start: var(--bp-s-5); }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-srclist { font-size: var(--bp-fs-foot); color: var(--bp-foot);\n  line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 20px; margin-block: 0; }\n.bp-adv .bp-adv-srclist li { margin-block-end: var(--bp-s-1); }\n.bp-adv .bp-h--center { text-align: center; }\n\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\n  .bp-adv {\n    --bp-fs-h1: 30px; --bp-fs-h2: 24px; --bp-fs-h3: 20px; --bp-fs-body: 16px;\n    --bp-fs-btn: 16px; --bp-fs-pre: 14px; --bp-side: 20px;\n    --bp-s-8: 44px; --bp-s-7: 32px;\n  }\n  .bp-adv .bp-adv-subheadline { font-size: 18px; }\n  .bp-adv .bp-adv-standfirst { font-size: 17px; }\n  .bp-adv .bp-adv-lede { font-size: 16px; }\n  .bp-adv .wp-block-pullquote p, .bp-adv .wp-block-quote p { font-size: 20px; }\n  .bp-adv h2 { padding: var(--bp-s-3) var(--bp-s-4); }\n  .bp-adv .bp-adv-num-v { font-size: 36px; }\n  .bp-adv .bp-adv-authors { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: var(--bp-s-5); }\n  \/* the button is full width on mobile. Core wraps the link in .wp-block-button,\n     which is shrink-to-fit, so widening only the link leaves it content-sized. *\/\n  .bp-adv .wp-block-button { width: 100%; }\n  .bp-adv .wp-block-button__link { padding: 15px 24px; width: 100%; }\n  .bp-adv .bp-adv-numcard .wp-block-columns { gap: var(--bp-s-4); }\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { .bp-adv * { transition-duration: 0ms; } }\n\n\/* --- the author portrait -----------------------------------------------------\n   Two shapes, because there are two ways a portrait reaches the box.\n   1. `bp-adv-avatar--photo` turns the dashed FOTO circle into a photo frame when\n      an editor drops an inline image into the placeholder paragraph.\n   2. `bp-adv-avatar-img` is the shipped path: a REAL core\/image block, so the\n      picture is click-editable and \"Vervangen\" works. The grid-row span is the\n      load-bearing line. The paragraph avatar carries `grid-row: 1 \/ span 3` in\n      the 62px + 1fr card grid; a figure that does not carry it drops the name\n      under the photo instead of beside it. Found by screenshot on 2026-07-30\n      and fixed on the live page with exactly this rule. ---------------------- *\/\n.bp-adv-avatar--photo{border-style:solid;padding:0;overflow:hidden;background:#fff}\n.bp-adv-avatar--photo img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center;border-radius:50%;display:block}\n.bp-adv-author .bp-adv-avatar-img{grid-row:1 \/ span 3;flex:0 0 auto;margin:0;width:62px;height:62px}\n.bp-adv-author .bp-adv-avatar-img img{width:62px;height:62px;object-fit:cover;object-position:center;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid var(--bp-olive);display:block}\n\n\/* --- the advertorial's own chrome (synced patterns 4822 and 4823) ------------\n   Deliberately NOT scoped to `.bp-adv`: the header and footer are siblings of\n   the article, outside that container, because canvas gives the page no chrome\n   of its own. 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vertical-align:-6px;margin-right:var(--bp-s-3);background-size:contain;background-position:center;\n background-repeat:no-repeat}\n@media (max-width:900px){.bp-biomarker .bp-bm-areagrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}}\n@media (max-width:600px){.bp-biomarker .bp-bm-areagrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:var(--bp-s-2)}\n .bp-biomarker .bp-bm-areagrid a.bp-bm-tile{min-height:96px;padding:var(--bp-s-3) var(--bp-s-2)}}\n\n.bp-biomarker .bp-bm-tile--bloedcellen::before{background-image:url(\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg' viewBox='0 0 48 48' aria-hidden='true'%3E%3Ccircle cx='17' cy='18' r='8' fill='none' stroke='%23005859' stroke-width='2.5' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/%3E%3Ccircle cx='17' cy='18' r='3' fill='none' stroke='%23005859' stroke-width='2.5' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/%3E%3Ccircle cx='32' cy='24' r='8' fill='%23B7CB33' stroke='none'\/%3E%3Ccircle cx='22' 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totaal\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":96,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/shbg\/\",\"name\":\"SHBG\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":97,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/oestradiol\/\",\"name\":\"Oestradiol\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":98,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/progesteron\/\",\"name\":\"Progesteron\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":99,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/lh\/\",\"name\":\"LH\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":100,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/fsh\/\",\"name\":\"FSH\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":101,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/prolactine\/\",\"name\":\"Prolactine\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":102,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/dhea-s\/\",\"name\":\"DHEA-S\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":103,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/cortisol\/\",\"name\":\"Cortisol\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":104,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/testosteron-vrij-berekend\/\",\"name\":\"Vrij testosteron\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":105,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/testosteron-biobeschikbaar\/\",\"name\":\"Biologisch beschikbaar testosteron\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":106,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/vrije-androgeenindex\/\",\"name\":\"Vrije-androgeenindex\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":107,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/testosteron-cortisol-ratio\/\",\"name\":\"Testosteron\/cortisol-ratio\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":108,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/oestradiol-testosteron-ratio\/\",\"name\":\"Oestradiol\/testosteron-ratio\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":109,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/lh-fsh-ratio\/\",\"name\":\"LH\/FSH-ratio\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":110,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/progesteron-oestradiol-ratio\/\",\"name\":\"Progesteron\/oestradiol-ratio\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":111,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/pth\/\",\"name\":\"Parathormoon\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":112,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/magnesium\/\",\"name\":\"Magnesium\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":113,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/vitamine-d\/\",\"name\":\"Vitamine D (25-OH)\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":114,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/calcium\/\",\"name\":\"Calcium\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":115,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/vitamine-b1\/\",\"name\":\"Vitamine B1\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":116,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/vitamine-b6\/\",\"name\":\"Vitamine B6\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":117,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/koper\/\",\"name\":\"Koper\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":118,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/nlr\/\",\"name\":\"Neutrofielen\/lymfocyten-ratio\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":119,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/plr\/\",\"name\":\"Trombocyten\/lymfocyten-ratio\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":120,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/sii\/\",\"name\":\"Systemische immuun-ontstekingsindex\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":121,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/crp-albumine-ratio\/\",\"name\":\"CRP\/albumine-ratio\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":122,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/bse\/\",\"name\":\"BSE\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":123,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/reumafactor\/\",\"name\":\"Reumafactor\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":124,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/iga\/\",\"name\":\"Immunoglobuline A\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":125,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/calcium-gecorrigeerd\/\",\"name\":\"Gecorrigeerd calcium\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":126,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/ck\/\",\"name\":\"Creatinekinase\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":127,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/amylase\/\",\"name\":\"Amylase\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":128,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/lipase\/\",\"name\":\"Lipase\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":129,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/cadmium-urine\/\",\"name\":\"Cadmium (urine)\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":130,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/arseen-urine\/\",\"name\":\"Arseen (urine)\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":131,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/lood\/\",\"name\":\"Lood\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":132,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/kwik\/\",\"name\":\"Kwik\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":133,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/aluminium\/\",\"name\":\"Aluminium\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":134,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/phenoage\/\",\"name\":\"PhenoAge\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":135,\"url\":\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/phenoage-versnelling\/\",\"name\":\"PhenoAge-versnelling\"}]}]}<\/script>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv bp-biomarker bp-biomarker--overview is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity bp-adv-rule\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--hero is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-crumbs wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/\">Home<\/a> \u203a <span>Biomarkers<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-adv-h1\">Blood values explained: what each biomarker measures<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-adv-standfirst wp-block-paragraph\">In an American study among 95 adults who had viewed a result in their online patient portal, nearly two thirds (63 per cent) received no explanation with it at all. 46 per cent then looked for more information online themselves.<sup>[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-adv-lede wp-block-paragraph\">On this page you can read, per health area, what each value (biomarker) that BioProfile examines in your blood and urine measures, with the number of the source on every line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-adv-lede wp-block-paragraph\">BioProfile measures up to 150 values (biomarkers) across 19 health areas: 100 measured in your blood and urine and 50 calculated from those measurements. The separate test BioProfile Heavy metals adds two values that are not in any package: aluminium and arsenic in urine. In the list, a value with its own explanation page is a link.<sup>[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-adv-byline wp-block-paragraph\">Updated on 5 October 2026<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bp-inhoud\">Health areas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<svg class=\"bp-bm-bodymap\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 200 320\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The body with the health areas BioProfile measures: thyroid, heart, liver, pancreas, kidneys, intestines, prostate, muscles, bones, hormones, blood and urine\" focusable=\"false\"><path d='M100 18a18 18 0 1 1 0 36a18 18 0 1 1 0-36z M92 56 L70 64 L60 84 L54 130 L50 176 L56 194 L66 192 L68 174 L72 132 L78 104 L80 150 L76 178 L74 210 L78 256 L80 302 L74 314 L92 314 L94 300 L95 256 L98 212 L102 212 L105 256 L106 300 L108 314 L126 314 L120 302 L122 256 L126 210 L124 178 L120 150 L122 104 L128 132 L132 174 L134 192 L144 194 L150 176 L146 130 L140 84 L130 64 L108 56 Z' fill='none' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2.5' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-linecap='round'\/><circle cx='100' cy='68' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='schildklier'\/><circle cx='100' cy='92' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='hormonen'\/><circle cx='109' cy='110' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='hart'\/><circle cx='86' cy='130' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='lever'\/><circle cx='104' cy='143' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='alvleesklier'\/><circle cx='84' cy='158' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='nieren'\/><circle cx='116' cy='158' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='nieren'\/><circle cx='100' cy='178' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='darmen'\/><circle cx='100' cy='204' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='prostaat'\/><circle cx='63' cy='104' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='spieren'\/><circle cx='137' cy='104' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='bloedcellen'\/><circle cx='86' cy='246' r='7' fill='#B7CB33' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2' data-area='botten'\/><path d='M158 236h16M160 236v10l-8 18a4 4 0 0 0 4 6h20a4 4 0 0 0 4-6l-8-18v-10' fill='none' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2.5' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M154 260h26l3 5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-28a2 2 0 0 1-2-2z' fill='#B7CB33'\/><path d='M20 238c0-8 10-16 10-24 0 8 10 16 10 24a10 10 0 0 1-20 0z' fill='none' stroke='#005859' stroke-width='2.5' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><circle cx='30' cy='240' r='3' fill='#B7CB33'\/><\/svg>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-areagrid\">\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--bloedcellen\" href=\"#bp-bloedcellen\">Blood cells<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--ijzer\" href=\"#bp-ijzer\">Iron status<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--bloedsuiker\" href=\"#bp-bloedsuiker\">Blood sugar and metabolism<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--hart\" href=\"#bp-hart\">Heart and blood vessels<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--lever\" href=\"#bp-lever\">Liver<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--nieren\" href=\"#bp-nieren\">Kidneys and fluid balance<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--schildklier\" href=\"#bp-schildklier\">Thyroid<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--hormonen\" href=\"#bp-hormonen\">Hormones<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--vitamines\" href=\"#bp-vitamines\">Vitamins and minerals<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--ontsteking\" href=\"#bp-ontsteking\">Inflammation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--afweer\" href=\"#bp-afweer\">Immune system<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--botten\" href=\"#bp-botten\">Bone health<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--spieren\" href=\"#bp-spieren\">Muscles and joints<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--alvleesklier\" href=\"#bp-alvleesklier\">Pancreas<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--urine\" href=\"#bp-urine\">Urinalysis<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--darmen\" href=\"#bp-darmen\">Gut and digestion<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--metalen\" href=\"#bp-metalen\">Heavy metals<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--prostaat\" href=\"#bp-prostaat\">Prostate<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li><a class=\"bp-bm-tile bp-bm-tile--algemeen\" href=\"#bp-algemeen\">General health<\/a><\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--bloedcellen\" id=\"bp-bloedcellen\">Blood cells<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">20 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hemoglobin\/\">Hemoglobin<\/a>: An iron-rich protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.<sup>[3]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hematocrit\/\">Hematocrit<\/a>: The percentage of your blood made up of red blood cells.<sup>[4]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/red-blood-cells\/\">Red blood cells<\/a>: The number of red blood cells in your blood. They are made in your bone marrow and carry oxygen around your body.<sup>[5]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/white-blood-cells\/\">White blood cells<\/a>: The number of white blood cells, part of your immune defences; when you have an infection your body makes more of them.<sup>[6]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/platelets\/\">Platelets<\/a>: The number of platelets, small blood cells made in your bone marrow that your blood needs in order to clot.<sup>[7]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/mcv\/\">MCV<\/a>: The average size of your red blood cells.<sup>[8]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/rdw\/\">RDW<\/a>: How much your red blood cells differ from one another in size. Healthy red blood cells are usually roughly the same size.<sup>[9]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/neutrophils\/\">Neutrophils<\/a>: The most common white blood cells, and your main defence when bacteria, viruses or other pathogens enter your body.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/lymphocytes\/\">Lymphocytes<\/a>: White blood cells of two main types, B cells and T cells, which deal with viruses, bacteria and infected cells.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/monocytes\/\">Monocytes<\/a>: White blood cells that kill bacteria and viruses, strengthen your immune response and clear away dead cells.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/eosinophils\/\">Eosinophils<\/a>: White blood cells that fight parasites and infections and play a role in allergies.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/basophils\/\">Basophils<\/a>: white blood cells that release enzymes during an allergic reaction.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/folate\/\">Folate<\/a>: A B vitamin needed for growth and for making red and white blood cells.<sup>[11]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/mch\/\">MCH<\/a>: The average amount of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell.<sup>[12]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/mchc\/\">MCHC<\/a>: How concentrated the haemoglobin in your red blood cells is.<sup>[12]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/absolute-neutrophil-count\/\">Absolute neutrophil count<\/a>: The number of neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, calculated from your white blood cells and the share of neutrophils among them.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/reticulocytes\/\">Reticulocytes<\/a>: Young red blood cells that your bone marrow releases into your blood. They show whether your bone marrow is making enough new red blood cells.<sup>[13]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/vitamin-b12\/\">Vitamin B12<\/a>: A vitamin your body needs to make red blood cells and to keep your nervous system working well. It is found only in animal products.<sup>[14]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/blood-group\/\">Blood group and Rhesus<\/a>: Your ABO blood group (A, B, AB or O) and your Rhesus factor, determined by sugars and proteins on the outer surface of your red blood cells.<sup>[15]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Active B12<\/strong>: The part of the vitamin B12 in your blood, about a quarter, that is bound to transcobalamin and therefore available to your cells.<sup>[16]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--ijzer\" id=\"bp-ijzer\">Iron status<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">8 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hemoglobin\/\">Hemoglobin<\/a>: An iron-rich protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.<sup>[3]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/iron-status\/\">Iron<\/a>: The amount of iron in your blood at the moment your blood is taken; your body uses iron for things such as making haemoglobin.<sup>[17]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/transferrin\/\">Transferrin<\/a>: the protein that carries iron around your body.<sup>[17]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ferritin\/\">Ferritin<\/a>: The protein your body stores iron in; the value shows how much iron your body has in reserve.<sup>[17]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/tibc\/\">Total iron binding capacity<\/a>: How well iron can bind to transferrin and other proteins in your blood.<sup>[17]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/transferrin-saturation\/\">Transferrin saturation<\/a>: how much of your transferrin is carrying iron. It is a measure of your iron status that looks at the iron and the protein that carries it together.<sup>[18]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/uibc\/\">Unsaturated iron binding capacity<\/a>: The part of your transferrin's iron binding capacity that is still free. In a large study, this value was about as good as transferrin saturation at detecting iron overload.<sup>[19]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/iron-deficiency-index\/\">Ferritin\/CRP index<\/a>: ferritin read alongside CRP. Inflammation raises ferritin, which is why the WHO assesses ferritin together with an inflammation marker.<sup>[20]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--bloedsuiker\" id=\"bp-bloedsuiker\">Blood sugar and metabolism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">13 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/triglycerides\/\">Triglycerides<\/a>: A fat in your blood. Your body stores extra calories as triglycerides and uses them later as fuel.<sup>[21]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/fasting-glucose\/\">Glucose, fasting<\/a>: The amount of sugar (glucose) in your blood after a period without eating. Glucose is your body's main source of energy.<sup>[22]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/uric-acid\/\">Uric acid<\/a>: A waste product made when your body breaks down purines. Your kidneys remove it in your urine.<sup>[23]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-ketones\/\">Urine ketones<\/a>: Ketones form when your body breaks down fat for energy because your cells are getting too little glucose. A small amount in your urine is normal.<sup>[24]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-glucose\/\">Urine glucose<\/a>: Sugar in your urine. Normally there is little or no glucose in it, because your kidneys send it back into your blood.<sup>[25]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/triglyceride-hdl-ratio\/\">Triglyceride\/HDL ratio<\/a>: Triglycerides divided by HDL cholesterol. In a study of 258 people with overweight, this was one of the most useful values for detecting insulin resistance.<sup>[26]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/tyg-index\/\">TyG index<\/a>: The product of your fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a simple measure of insulin resistance without measuring insulin.<sup>[27]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hba1c\/\">HbA1c<\/a>: Your average blood sugar over the past two to three months, measured by the sugar attached to your haemoglobin.<sup>[28]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/eag\/\">Estimated average glucose<\/a>: Your HbA1c converted into an average glucose value, in the same unit as an ordinary blood sugar test.<sup>[29]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/fasting-insulin\/\">Insulin, fasting<\/a>: The hormone from your pancreas that helps sugar move from your blood into your cells, measured after 8 to 12 hours without eating.<sup>[30]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/homa-ir\/\">HOMA-IR<\/a>: An estimate of your body's insulin resistance, calculated from your fasting glucose and insulin.<sup>[31]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/homa-beta\/\">HOMA-Beta<\/a>: An estimate of how well your pancreas makes insulin (beta cell function), worked out from the same fasting glucose and insulin.<sup>[31, 30]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/quicki\/\">QUICKI<\/a>: A measure of how sensitive your body is to insulin, calculated from your fasting insulin and glucose.<sup>[32]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--hart\" id=\"bp-hart\">Heart and blood vessels<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">21 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><strong>CRP<\/strong>: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation. The test shows how much inflammation there is in your body, but not what is causing it.<sup>[33]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 31, 77 and 87.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/total-cholesterol\/\">Total cholesterol<\/a>: All the cholesterol in your blood added together: the LDL cholesterol and the other bad particles, and the HDL cholesterol too.<sup>[34]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ldl\/\">LDL cholesterol<\/a>: The cholesterol in LDL particles, which can build up in your blood vessels. That is why it is called the bad cholesterol.<sup>[34]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hdl\/\">HDL cholesterol<\/a>: The cholesterol in HDL particles, which help clear cholesterol from your blood. It is sometimes called the good cholesterol.<sup>[34]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/triglycerides\/\">Triglycerides<\/a>: A fat in your blood. Your body stores extra calories as triglycerides and uses them later as fuel.<sup>[21]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/non-hdl-cholesterol\/\">Non-HDL cholesterol<\/a>: Your total cholesterol minus your HDL cholesterol: all the bad cholesterol particles together, such as LDL, remnant particles and Lp(a).<sup>[34]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/cholesterol-hdl-ratio\/\">Cholesterol\/HDL ratio<\/a>: Your total cholesterol divided by your HDL cholesterol. According to a review study, this ratio predicts more than either of the two values on its own.<sup>[35]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/remnant-cholesterol\/\">Remnant cholesterol<\/a>: The cholesterol in the leftover particles of triglyceride-rich fat particles, calculated from your other cholesterol values.<sup>[36, 34]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/triglyceride-hdl-ratio\/\">Triglyceride\/HDL ratio<\/a>: Triglycerides divided by HDL cholesterol. In a study of 258 people with overweight, this was one of the most useful values for detecting insulin resistance.<sup>[26]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>LDL\/HDL ratio<\/strong>: Your LDL cholesterol divided by your HDL cholesterol. According to a review study, this ratio predicts more than LDL cholesterol alone.<sup>[35]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/aip\/\">Atherogenic index of plasma<\/a>: The logarithm of your triglycerides divided by your HDL cholesterol. The value is linked to the size of your LDL particles.<sup>[37]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/tyg-index\/\">TyG index<\/a>: The product of your fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a simple measure of insulin resistance without measuring insulin.<sup>[27]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/monocyte-hdl-ratio\/\">Monocyte\/HDL ratio<\/a>: Your monocytes, white blood cells that play a role in hardening of the arteries, divided by your HDL cholesterol, which works against them.<sup>[38]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/apob\/\">Apolipoprotein B<\/a>: The protein found in every particle that can carry cholesterol into the blood vessel wall, so ApoB counts how many of those particles there are.<sup>[39]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hs-crp\/\">hs-CRP<\/a>: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation. The high-sensitivity test also picks up very small rises.<sup>[33]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Apolipoprotein A1<\/strong>: A protein of the HDL particle, the particle that helps clear cholesterol out of your blood.<sup>[40, 34]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/lipoprotein-a\/\">Lipoprotein(a)<\/a>: A fat particle that looks like LDL but carries an extra protein. Your genes set the level, and it barely changes over your lifetime.<sup>[34]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/nt-probnp\/\">NT-proBNP<\/a>: A protein your heart uses to make the hormone BNP. Your heart makes more of it when it has to work harder to pump blood around your body.<sup>[41]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/fibrinogen\/\">Fibrinogen<\/a>: A protein made by your liver that helps blood clots form, which is how a bleed is stopped.<sup>[42]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/homocysteine\/\">Homocysteine<\/a>: An amino acid that your body quickly breaks down with the help of vitamin B12, B6 and folic acid. A high level can point to a shortage of those vitamins.<sup>[43]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>ApoB\/ApoA1 ratio<\/strong>: ApoB divided by ApoA1: the ratio between the particles that carry cholesterol to the artery wall and the protein of the good cholesterol.<sup>[40]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--lever\" id=\"bp-lever\">Liver<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">16 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/albumin\/\">Albumin<\/a>: A protein made by your liver that keeps fluid inside your blood vessels and carries substances through your blood.<sup>[44]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/alt\/\">ALT<\/a>: An enzyme found mainly in your liver. When liver cells are damaged, it gets into your blood.<sup>[45]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ast\/\">AST<\/a>: An enzyme found mainly in your liver, but also in your heart and muscles. When those cells are damaged, its level in your blood rises.<sup>[46]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ggt\/\">GGT<\/a>: An enzyme found mainly in your liver. When your liver or bile ducts are damaged, it gets into your blood.<sup>[47]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/alkaline-phosphatase\/\">ALP<\/a>: An enzyme found in all your tissues, with the largest amounts in your liver, bile ducts and bones.<sup>[48]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/total-bilirubin\/\">Bilirubin, total<\/a>: A yellow substance made when your body breaks down old red blood cells. A healthy liver removes it through the bile.<sup>[49]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/total-protein\/\">Total protein<\/a>: All the protein in your blood together, mainly albumin and globulins.<sup>[50]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/globulin\/\">Globulin<\/a>: A group of blood proteins, partly from your liver and partly from your immune system, that help with blood clotting and fighting infections, among other things.<sup>[51]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/albumin-globulin-ratio\/\">Albumin\/globulin ratio<\/a>: Albumin divided by globulin, the two large groups of proteins in your blood.<sup>[50]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/de-ritis-ratio\/\">De Ritis ratio<\/a>: AST divided by ALT. Because AST clears from your blood faster than ALT, the ratio says something about how a liver problem is developing.<sup>[52]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/fib-4-index\/\">FIB-4 index<\/a>: An index based on your age, AST, ALT and platelets, developed to estimate scarring of the liver (fibrosis) without a biopsy.<sup>[53]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/apri-score\/\">APRI score<\/a>: AST set against your platelet count, an index developed to estimate scarring of the liver.<sup>[54]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hepatic-steatosis-index\/\">Hepatic steatosis index<\/a>: An index for fat in the liver, originally calculated from values that include the ALT\/AST ratio and your BMI.<sup>[55]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ldh\/\">LDH<\/a>: An enzyme that helps your cells make energy. It is found in almost all of your tissues, most of all in your muscles, liver, kidneys and red blood cells.<sup>[56]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/bilirubin-direct\/\">Bilirubin, direct<\/a>: The direct (conjugated) form of bilirubin, the yellow breakdown product of old red blood cells that your liver removes through the bile.<sup>[49]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Ceruloplasmin<\/strong>: A protein your liver makes by binding copper to a protein; it carries copper through your body.<sup>[57]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--nieren\" id=\"bp-nieren\">Kidneys and fluid balance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">22 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/uric-acid\/\">Uric acid<\/a>: A waste product made when your body breaks down purines. Your kidneys remove it in your urine.<sup>[23]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/creatinine\/\">Creatinine<\/a>: A waste product from your muscles that your kidneys filter out of your blood and pass out in your urine.<sup>[58]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/egfr\/\">eGFR<\/a>: An estimate of how much blood your kidneys filter per minute, calculated from your creatinine.<sup>[59]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urea\/\">Urea<\/a>: A waste product made when your body breaks down protein. Your kidneys remove it in your urine.<sup>[60]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/sodium\/\">Sodium<\/a>: An electrolyte that helps control the amount of fluid in your body and how your nerves and muscles work.<sup>[61]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/potassium\/\">Potassium<\/a>: An electrolyte your cells, nerves, heart and muscles need. Almost all of your potassium is inside your cells.<sup>[62]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-ph\/\">Urine pH<\/a>: How acidic or alkaline your urine is, measured with a test strip during the urine test.<sup>[63]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-specific-gravity\/\">Urine specific gravity<\/a>: How concentrated your urine is. It is one of the standard tests in a urine test.<sup>[63]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-leukocytes\/\">Urine leukocytes<\/a>: White blood cells in your urine. They can point to a urinary tract infection.<sup>[64]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-protein\/\">Urine protein<\/a>: Protein in your urine. Normally your urine contains very little protein.<sup>[65]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-nitrite\/\">Urine nitrite<\/a>: Nitrite forms when bacteria convert the nitrate in your urine. It usually points to a urinary tract infection.<sup>[64]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-occult-blood\/\">Urine occult blood<\/a>: Blood in your urine that you cannot see with the naked eye. It is often harmless, for example after hard exercise or during your period.<sup>[66]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/calculated-osmolality\/\">Calculated osmolality<\/a>: The amount of dissolved particles in your blood, calculated from sodium, glucose and urea. It tells you something about your fluid balance.<sup>[67]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urea-creatinine-ratio\/\">Urea\/creatinine ratio<\/a>: Urea divided by creatinine. Your kidneys filter both of these waste products out of your blood.<sup>[60, 58]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/chloride\/\">Chloride<\/a>: An electrolyte, mostly from salt, that helps regulate the amount of fluid in your body and your blood volume.<sup>[68]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/phosphate\/\">Phosphate<\/a>: An electrolyte containing the mineral phosphorus. Most of your phosphate is in your bones, together with calcium.<sup>[69]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/microalbumin-urine\/\">Microalbumin, urine<\/a>: Small amounts of the blood protein albumin in your urine. Healthy kidneys let through a trace at most.<sup>[70]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/bicarbonate\/\">Bicarbonate<\/a>: The form most carbon dioxide takes in your body. It helps keep the balance between acids and bases.<sup>[71]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/anion-gap\/\">Anion gap<\/a>: A calculation based on your electrolytes that shows whether the balance between acids and bases in your blood is right.<sup>[72]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/cystatin-c\/\">Cystatin C<\/a>: A protein your kidneys filter out of your blood; a different measure from creatinine for estimating how well your kidneys filter.<sup>[73]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>eGFR by cystatin C<\/strong>: An estimate of your kidney filtering function that is calculated not from creatinine but from cystatin C.<sup>[73]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Combined creatinine and cystatin C eGFR<\/strong>: An estimate of your kidney filtering function from creatinine and cystatin C together; in research this was more precise than either of the two on its own.<sup>[73]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--schildklier\" id=\"bp-schildklier\">Thyroid<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">7 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/tsh\/\">TSH<\/a>: The hormone that tells your thyroid to make thyroid hormone. A value that is too high or too low can point to a thyroid problem.<sup>[74]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/free-t4\/\">Free T4<\/a>: The free, active part of thyroxine (T4), your thyroid's main hormone, which controls how your body uses energy.<sup>[75]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/free-t3\/\">Free T3<\/a>: The free, active part of T3, the second thyroid hormone, which works with T4 to regulate how your body uses energy.<sup>[76]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/ft3-ft4-ratio\/\">Free T3\/free T4 ratio<\/a>: Free T3 divided by free T4, showing how the two active thyroid hormones relate to each other. T4 is the hormone your thyroid makes the most of.<sup>[75, 76]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/tpo-antibodies\/\">TPO antibodies<\/a>: Antibodies against your own thyroid: proteins made by your immune system that target healthy thyroid tissue.<sup>[77]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/iodine\/\">Iodine<\/a>: A trace element your thyroid needs to make thyroid hormones. It occurs naturally in sea fish, eggs, dairy and seaweed.<sup>[78]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/selenium\/\">Selenium<\/a>: A trace element that protects your cells from damage and is important for your thyroid to work well.<sup>[79]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--hormonen\" id=\"bp-hormonen\">Hormones<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">19 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/fasting-insulin\/\">Insulin, fasting<\/a>: The hormone from your pancreas that helps sugar move from your blood into your cells, measured after 8 to 12 hours without eating.<sup>[30]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/total-testosterone\/\">Testosterone, total<\/a>: A hormone found in both men and women that, among other things, helps regulate your sex drive and the growth of your muscles and bones.<sup>[80]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/shbg\/\">SHBG<\/a>: A protein, made mainly in your liver, that binds sex hormones such as testosterone and oestrogen and so determines how much of them is active.<sup>[81]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/estradiol\/\">Estradiol<\/a>: The main oestrogen in women during their fertile years. Men make small amounts of it too, and it supports the brain and bones.<sup>[82]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/progesterone\/\">Progesterone<\/a>: A hormone, mainly from the ovaries, that rises after ovulation and prepares the lining of the womb.<sup>[83]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/lh\/\">LH<\/a>: A hormone that, in women, helps regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation, and plays a role in fertility.<sup>[84]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/fsh\/\">FSH<\/a>: A hormone that starts the growth of egg cells in the ovaries and, together with LH, regulates the cycle.<sup>[85]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/prolactin\/\">Prolactin<\/a>: A hormone made by the pituitary gland, best known for its role in milk production after giving birth. In men and in women who are not pregnant, the level is normally low.<sup>[86]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/dhea-s\/\">DHEA-S<\/a>: A steroid hormone made mainly in your adrenal glands, found in both men and women.<sup>[87]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/cortisol\/\">Cortisol<\/a>: The hormone from your adrenal glands that helps your body respond to stress and helps regulate your blood sugar and metabolism.<sup>[88]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/biomarkers\/testosteron-vrij-berekend\/\">Free testosterone, calculated<\/a>: The testosterone that is not bound to proteins, calculated from your total testosterone and SHBG. In a comparative study, this calculation proved a reliable measure.<sup>[89]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/bioavailable-testosterone\/\">Bioavailable testosterone<\/a>: the testosterone that is not bound to SHBG and that your body can use straight away.<sup>[89]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/free-androgen-index\/\">Free androgen index<\/a>: your total testosterone divided by SHBG, multiplied by 100. According to a comparative study, it is not a reliable measure of the testosterone available to your body.<sup>[89]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Cortisol\/DHEA-S ratio<\/strong>: Cortisol divided by DHEA-S, two adrenal hormones with an opposite effect on your immune system; the ratio rises with age.<sup>[90]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/testosterone-cortisol-ratio\/\">Testosterone\/cortisol ratio<\/a>: Testosterone divided by cortisol: a measure of the balance between building up and breaking down in your body, studied in sports medicine.<sup>[91]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/estradiol-testosterone-ratio\/\">Estradiol\/testosterone ratio<\/a>: Estradiol divided by testosterone. It shows the balance between the main oestrogen and testosterone, two hormones that both men and women have.<sup>[82, 80]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/lh-fsh-ratio\/\">LH\/FSH ratio<\/a>: LH divided by FSH, the two hormones that together regulate the cycle and ovulation; a raised ratio is described in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).<sup>[92]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/progesterone-estradiol-ratio\/\">Progesterone\/estradiol ratio<\/a>: Progesterone divided by estradiol. It shows the balance between the two hormones that work together to build up and prepare the lining of the womb throughout the cycle.<sup>[83, 82]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/pth\/\">Parathyroid hormone<\/a>: the hormone made by your parathyroid glands that controls the amount of calcium in your blood.<sup>[93]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--vitamines\" id=\"bp-vitamines\">Vitamins and minerals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">19 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/magnesium\/\">Magnesium<\/a>: A mineral your body needs to build bone and muscle and to pass on nerve signals.<sup>[94]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/vitamin-d\/\">Vitamin D (25-OH)<\/a>: A vitamin for strong bones and teeth; your skin makes it itself when exposed to sunlight.<sup>[95]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/folate\/\">Folate<\/a>: A B vitamin needed for growth and for making red and white blood cells.<sup>[11]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/calcium\/\">Calcium<\/a>: A mineral for building and maintaining your bones and teeth, and for your nerves, muscles and blood clotting.<sup>[96]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/vitamin-b12\/\">Vitamin B12<\/a>: A vitamin your body needs to make red blood cells and to keep your nervous system working well. It is found only in animal products.<sup>[14]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/vitamin-b1\/\">Vitamin B1<\/a>: Thiamine, a vitamin your body cannot do without for its energy supply and for your nervous system.<sup>[97]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/vitamin-b6\/\">Vitamin B6<\/a>: A vitamin for breaking down and building up amino acids, for blood formation and for the healthy working of your immune system and nerves.<sup>[98]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/homocysteine\/\">Homocysteine<\/a>: An amino acid that your body quickly breaks down with the help of vitamin B12, B6 and folic acid. A high level can point to a shortage of those vitamins.<sup>[43]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/iodine\/\">Iodine<\/a>: A trace element your thyroid needs to make thyroid hormones. It occurs naturally in sea fish, eggs, dairy and seaweed.<sup>[78]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Active B12<\/strong>: The part of the vitamin B12 in your blood, about a quarter, that is bound to transcobalamin and therefore available to your cells.<sup>[16]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Vitamin E<\/strong>: A fat-soluble vitamin that protects your cells and tissues as an antioxidant.<sup>[99]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Coenzyme Q10<\/strong>: A substance that occurs naturally in your body, with the highest levels in your heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas.<sup>[100]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Zinc<\/strong>: A trace element that forms part of many enzymes and is needed to build proteins and for your immune defences to work well.<sup>[101]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/copper\/\">Copper<\/a>: A trace element involved in building connective tissue and bone, and in keeping your immune system working well.<sup>[102]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Ceruloplasmin<\/strong>: A protein your liver makes by binding copper to a protein; it carries copper through your body.<sup>[57]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/selenium\/\">Selenium<\/a>: A trace element that protects your cells from damage and is important for your thyroid to work well.<sup>[79]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Copper\/zinc ratio<\/strong>: Copper divided by zinc; with inflammation the zinc in your blood falls and copper rises, and the ratio goes up with age.<sup>[103]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Methylation status<\/strong>: Homocysteine read together with vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin B6, the vitamins your body needs to break homocysteine down.<sup>[43]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Functional B12 status<\/strong>: Vitamin B12 read together with active B12, the part your cells can actually take up.<sup>[16]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--ontsteking\" id=\"bp-ontsteking\">Inflammation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">10 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><strong>CRP<\/strong>: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation. The test shows how much inflammation there is in your body, but not what is causing it.<sup>[33]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 31, 77 and 87.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/nlr\/\">Neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio<\/a>: your neutrophils divided by your lymphocytes, a simple measure of stress and inflammation in your body.<sup>[104]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/platelet-lymphocyte-ratio\/\">Platelet\/lymphocyte ratio<\/a>: Platelets divided by lymphocytes, a measure that shows shifts in those cells during inflammation.<sup>[105]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/sii\/\">Systemic immune-inflammation index<\/a>: An index built from your platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes, which brings three types of blood cell together as a measure of immune defence and inflammation.<sup>[106]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/crp-albumin-ratio\/\">CRP\/albumin ratio<\/a>: CRP divided by albumin: an inflammation marker alongside a protein from your liver.<sup>[33, 44]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/esr-blood-test\/\">ESR<\/a>: How quickly your red blood cells sink to the bottom of a tube. Fast settling can point to inflammation.<sup>[107]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/monocyte-hdl-ratio\/\">Monocyte\/HDL ratio<\/a>: Your monocytes, white blood cells that play a role in hardening of the arteries, divided by your HDL cholesterol, which works against them.<sup>[38]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/hs-crp\/\">hs-CRP<\/a>: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation. The high-sensitivity test also picks up very small rises.<sup>[33]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/fibrinogen\/\">Fibrinogen<\/a>: A protein made by your liver that helps blood clots form, which is how a bleed is stopped.<sup>[42]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Copper\/zinc ratio<\/strong>: Copper divided by zinc; with inflammation the zinc in your blood falls and copper rises, and the ratio goes up with age.<sup>[103]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--afweer\" id=\"bp-afweer\">Immune system<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">17 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/white-blood-cells\/\">White blood cells<\/a>: The number of white blood cells, part of your immune defences; when you have an infection your body makes more of them.<sup>[6]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/neutrophils\/\">Neutrophils<\/a>: The most common white blood cells, and your main defence when bacteria, viruses or other pathogens enter your body.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/lymphocytes\/\">Lymphocytes<\/a>: White blood cells of two main types, B cells and T cells, which deal with viruses, bacteria and infected cells.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/monocytes\/\">Monocytes<\/a>: White blood cells that kill bacteria and viruses, strengthen your immune response and clear away dead cells.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/eosinophils\/\">Eosinophils<\/a>: White blood cells that fight parasites and infections and play a role in allergies.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/basophils\/\">Basophils<\/a>: white blood cells that release enzymes during an allergic reaction.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/nlr\/\">Neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio<\/a>: your neutrophils divided by your lymphocytes, a simple measure of stress and inflammation in your body.<sup>[104]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/absolute-neutrophil-count\/\">Absolute neutrophil count<\/a>: The number of neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, calculated from your white blood cells and the share of neutrophils among them.<sup>[10]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/platelet-lymphocyte-ratio\/\">Platelet\/lymphocyte ratio<\/a>: Platelets divided by lymphocytes, a measure that shows shifts in those cells during inflammation.<sup>[105]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/sii\/\">Systemic immune-inflammation index<\/a>: An index built from your platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes, which brings three types of blood cell together as a measure of immune defence and inflammation.<sup>[106]<\/sup> Calculated in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/globulin\/\">Globulin<\/a>: A group of blood proteins, partly from your liver and partly from your immune system, that help with blood clotting and fighting infections, among other things.<sup>[51]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/rheumatoid-factor\/\">Rheumatoid factor<\/a>: A protein from your immune system that targets healthy antibodies instead of germs.<sup>[108]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/iga\/\">Immunoglobulin A<\/a>: Antibodies that protect your airways and digestive system against infections. They are found in your blood, saliva and tears.<sup>[109]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/tpo-antibodies\/\">TPO antibodies<\/a>: Antibodies against your own thyroid: proteins made by your immune system that target healthy thyroid tissue.<sup>[77]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>ANA screen<\/strong>: Antibodies that target the nucleus of your own cells; having a few of them in your blood is normal.<sup>[110]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>tTG-IgA, coeliac<\/strong>: Antibodies that form in coeliac disease, an immune reaction to gluten from wheat, barley and rye.<sup>[111]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>Zinc<\/strong>: A trace element that forms part of many enzymes and is needed to build proteins and for your immune defences to work well.<sup>[101]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--botten\" id=\"bp-botten\">Bone health<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">8 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/magnesium\/\">Magnesium<\/a>: A mineral your body needs to build bone and muscle and to pass on nerve signals.<sup>[94]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/vitamin-d\/\">Vitamin D (25-OH)<\/a>: A vitamin for strong bones and teeth; your skin makes it itself when exposed to sunlight.<sup>[95]<\/sup> Measured in all five packages.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/alkaline-phosphatase\/\">ALP<\/a>: An enzyme found in all your tissues, with the largest amounts in your liver, bile ducts and bones.<sup>[48]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/calcium\/\">Calcium<\/a>: A mineral for building and maintaining your bones and teeth, and for your nerves, muscles and blood clotting.<sup>[96]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/corrected-calcium\/\">Corrected calcium<\/a>: Your calcium adjusted to a normal albumin level, because the amount of calcium in your blood is closely linked to your albumin.<sup>[112]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/phosphate\/\">Phosphate<\/a>: An electrolyte containing the mineral phosphorus. Most of your phosphate is in your bones, together with calcium.<sup>[69]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/estradiol\/\">Estradiol<\/a>: The main oestrogen in women during their fertile years. Men make small amounts of it too, and it supports the brain and bones.<sup>[82]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/pth\/\">Parathyroid hormone<\/a>: the hormone made by your parathyroid glands that controls the amount of calcium in your blood.<sup>[93]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--spieren\" id=\"bp-spieren\">Muscles and joints<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">6 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/uric-acid\/\">Uric acid<\/a>: A waste product made when your body breaks down purines. Your kidneys remove it in your urine.<sup>[23]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ast\/\">AST<\/a>: An enzyme found mainly in your liver, but also in your heart and muscles. When those cells are damaged, its level in your blood rises.<sup>[46]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/creatinine\/\">Creatinine<\/a>: A waste product from your muscles that your kidneys filter out of your blood and pass out in your urine.<sup>[58]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ldh\/\">LDH<\/a>: An enzyme that helps your cells make energy. It is found in almost all of your tissues, most of all in your muscles, liver, kidneys and red blood cells.<sup>[56]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/ck\/\">Creatine kinase<\/a>: An enzyme that helps your muscles make energy and is found mainly in your skeletal muscles.<sup>[113]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/rheumatoid-factor\/\">Rheumatoid factor<\/a>: A protein from your immune system that targets healthy antibodies instead of germs.<sup>[108]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--alvleesklier\" id=\"bp-alvleesklier\">Pancreas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">2 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/amylase\/\">Amylase<\/a>: An enzyme from your pancreas and salivary glands that helps you digest carbohydrates.<sup>[114]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/lipase\/\">Lipase<\/a>: An enzyme, mainly from your pancreas, that helps you digest fats.<sup>[115]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--urine\" id=\"bp-urine\">Urinalysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">11 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-ph\/\">Urine pH<\/a>: How acidic or alkaline your urine is, measured with a test strip during the urine test.<sup>[63]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-specific-gravity\/\">Urine specific gravity<\/a>: How concentrated your urine is. It is one of the standard tests in a urine test.<sup>[63]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-leukocytes\/\">Urine leukocytes<\/a>: White blood cells in your urine. They can point to a urinary tract infection.<sup>[64]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-protein\/\">Urine protein<\/a>: Protein in your urine. Normally your urine contains very little protein.<sup>[65]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-ketones\/\">Urine ketones<\/a>: Ketones form when your body breaks down fat for energy because your cells are getting too little glucose. A small amount in your urine is normal.<sup>[24]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-nitrite\/\">Urine nitrite<\/a>: Nitrite forms when bacteria convert the nitrate in your urine. It usually points to a urinary tract infection.<sup>[64]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-glucose\/\">Urine glucose<\/a>: Sugar in your urine. Normally there is little or no glucose in it, because your kidneys send it back into your blood.<sup>[25]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/urine-occult-blood\/\">Urine occult blood<\/a>: Blood in your urine that you cannot see with the naked eye. It is often harmless, for example after hard exercise or during your period.<sup>[66]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/microalbumin-urine\/\">Microalbumin, urine<\/a>: Small amounts of the blood protein albumin in your urine. Healthy kidneys let through a trace at most.<sup>[70]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/cadmium-urine\/\">Cadmium, urine<\/a>: The heavy metal cadmium, measured in your urine. Heavy metals are found in the environment and in food, and reach us through industry and farming.<sup>[116, 117]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/arsenic-urine\/\">Arsenic, urine<\/a>: The heavy metal arsenic, measured in your urine. Arsenic occurs in low concentrations in rock, soil and groundwater, and in food mainly in rice.<sup>[118, 119]<\/sup> Measured in the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--darmen\" id=\"bp-darmen\">Gut and digestion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">2 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/iga\/\">Immunoglobulin A<\/a>: Antibodies that protect your airways and digestive system against infections. They are found in your blood, saliva and tears.<sup>[109]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><strong>tTG-IgA, coeliac<\/strong>: Antibodies that form in coeliac disease, an immune reaction to gluten from wheat, barley and rye.<sup>[111]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--metalen\" id=\"bp-metalen\">Heavy metals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">5 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/lead\/\">Lead<\/a>: A heavy metal that occurs naturally in the environment and can be harmful in your body.<sup>[116, 120]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/mercury\/\">Mercury<\/a>: A heavy metal, found among other things in organic form in fish, that can be harmful in your body.<sup>[116, 121]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/cadmium-urine\/\">Cadmium, urine<\/a>: The heavy metal cadmium, measured in your urine. Heavy metals are found in the environment and in food, and reach us through industry and farming.<sup>[116, 117]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/aluminium\/\">Aluminium<\/a>: A metal that everyone takes in in small amounts through food, air, water and the soil. It is also tested as part of a heavy metals screening.<sup>[122, 116]<\/sup> Measured in the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/arsenic-urine\/\">Arsenic, urine<\/a>: The heavy metal arsenic, measured in your urine. Arsenic occurs in low concentrations in rock, soil and groundwater, and in food mainly in rice.<sup>[118, 119]<\/sup> Measured in the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--prostaat\" id=\"bp-prostaat\">Prostate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">1 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><strong>PSA<\/strong>: A protein made by the prostate. A low level in your blood is normal.<sup>[123]<\/sup> Measured in BioProfile 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading bp-bm-h2 bp-bm-h2--algemeen\" id=\"bp-algemeen\">General health<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"bp-bm-count wp-block-paragraph\">2 values (biomarkers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list bp-bm-rows\">\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/phenoage\/\">PhenoAge biological age<\/a>: A biological age, calculated from your age and nine common blood values. In a study of more than 11,000 adults, this measure was linked to the risk of death, even apart from calendar age.<sup>[124]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/biomarkers\/phenoage-acceleration\/\">PhenoAge acceleration<\/a>: The difference between your PhenoAge and your calendar age. A positive value means your body seems older than expected, a negative value younger.<sup>[124]<\/sup> Calculated in BioProfile 77, 87, 121 and 150.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--wash is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bp-pakketten\">Which packages measure these values<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With every value you can see from which package BioProfile measures it. You can find all packages, with their price and the draw points, on the page about the blood test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-3e41869c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/blood-testing\/\">View the packages<\/a><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bp-methode\">How this page was made<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The BioProfile editorial team wrote this page on 29 September 2026 and added the heavy metals on 5 October 2026. Every line comes from a public source we read on the day of writing, with that source's number beside it: MedlinePlus from the US National Library of Medicine, the Voedingscentrum, the Hartstichting, Sanquin, the World Health Organization (WHO), the US ATSDR and scientific publications. An expert has yet to review this page. This page explains and does not diagnose. Discuss an abnormal value with your GP.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group bp-adv-sec bp-adv-sec--disclosure is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bp-bronnen\">Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list bp-adv-srclist bp-bm-src\">\n\n<li>Giardina TD, Baldwin J, Nystrom DT, et al. Patient perceptions of receiving test results via online portals: a mixed-methods study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2018;25(4):440-446. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29240899\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29240899\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>BioProfile, the blood test packages and the values in each package. <a href=\"https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/blood-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/bioprofile.com\/en\/blood-testing\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Hemoglobin Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/hemoglobin-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/hemoglobin-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Hematocrit Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/hematocrit-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/hematocrit-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/red-blood-cell-rbc-count\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/red-blood-cell-rbc-count\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. White Blood Count (WBC). Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/white-blood-count-wbc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/white-blood-count-wbc\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Platelet Tests. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/platelet-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/platelet-tests\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume). Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/mcv-mean-corpuscular-volume\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/mcv-mean-corpuscular-volume\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width). Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/rdw-red-cell-distribution-width\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/rdw-red-cell-distribution-width\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Blood Differential. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/blood-differential\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/blood-differential\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Voedingscentrum. Foliumzuur. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/foliumzuur.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/foliumzuur.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Indices. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/red-blood-cell-rbc-indices\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/red-blood-cell-rbc-indices\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Reticulocyte Count. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/reticulocyte-count\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/reticulocyte-count\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Voedingscentrum. Vitamine B12. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/vitamine-b12.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/vitamine-b12.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Sanquin. Bloedgroepen. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanquin.nl\/donors\/alles-over-bloed\/bloedgroepen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.sanquin.nl\/donors\/alles-over-bloed\/bloedgroepen<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Nexo E, Hoffmann-L\u00fccke E. Holotranscobalamin, a marker of vitamin B-12 status: analytical aspects and clinical utility. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(1):359S-365S. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21593496\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21593496\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Iron Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/iron-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/iron-tests\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Elsayed ME, Sharif MU, Stack AG. Transferrin Saturation: A Body Iron Biomarker. Adv Clin Chem. 2016;75:71-97. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27346617\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27346617\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Adams PC, Reboussin DM, Press RD, et al. Biological variability of transferrin saturation and unsaturated iron-binding capacity. Am J Med. 2007;120(11):999.e1-7. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17976429\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17976429\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>World Health Organization. WHO guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations. Geneva: WHO; 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240000124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240000124<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Triglycerides Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/triglycerides-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/triglycerides-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Blood Glucose Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/blood-glucose-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/blood-glucose-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Uric Acid Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/uric-acid-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/uric-acid-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Ketones in Urine. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ketones-in-urine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ketones-in-urine\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Glucose in Urine Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/glucose-in-urine-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/glucose-in-urine-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, et al. Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(10):802-9. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14623617\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14623617\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299-304. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19067533\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19067533\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/hemoglobin-a1c-hba1c-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/hemoglobin-a1c-hba1c-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, et al. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1473-8. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18540046\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18540046\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Insulin in Blood. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/insulin-in-blood\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/insulin-in-blood\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412-9. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3899825\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/3899825\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(7):2402-10. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10902785\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10902785\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/c-reactive-protein-crp-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/c-reactive-protein-crp-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Hartstichting. Cholesterol. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hartstichting.nl\/oorzaken\/cholesterol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.hartstichting.nl\/oorzaken\/cholesterol<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Mill\u00e1n J, Pint\u00f3 X, Mu\u00f1oz A, et al. Lipoprotein ratios: Physiological significance and clinical usefulness in cardiovascular prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:757-65. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19774217\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19774217\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Varbo A, Benn M, Tybj\u00e6rg-Hansen A, et al. Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):427-436. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23265341\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23265341\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Dobi\u00e1sov\u00e1 M, Frohlich J. The plasma parameter log (TG\/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER(HDL)). Clin Biochem. 2001;34(7):583-8. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11738396\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11738396\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Ganjali S, Gotto AM Jr, Ruscica M, et al. Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio as a prognostic marker in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(12):9237-9246. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30076716\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30076716\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, et al. Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(12):1287-1295. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31642874\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31642874\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Walldius G, Jungner I. Apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I: risk indicators of coronary heart disease and targets for lipid-modifying therapy. J Intern Med. 2004;255(2):188-205. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14746556\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/14746556\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP). Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/natriuretic-peptide-tests-bnp-nt-probnp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/natriuretic-peptide-tests-bnp-nt-probnp\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Fibrinogen blood test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/003650.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/003650.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Homocysteine Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/homocysteine-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/homocysteine-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Albumin Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/albumin-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/albumin-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ALT Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/alt-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/alt-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. AST Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ast-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ast-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Alkaline Phosphatase. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/alkaline-phosphatase\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/alkaline-phosphatase\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bilirubin Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/bilirubin-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/bilirubin-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Total Protein and Albumin\/Globulin (A\/G) Ratio. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/total-protein-and-albumin-globulin-a-g-ratio\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/total-protein-and-albumin-globulin-a-g-ratio\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Globulin Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/globulin-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/globulin-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Botros M, Sikaris KA. The de ritis ratio: the test of time. Clin Biochem Rev. 2013;34(3):117-30. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24353357\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24353357\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV\/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1317-25. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16729309\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16729309\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):518-26. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12883497\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12883497\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ, et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(7):503-8. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19766548\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19766548\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Ceruloplasmin Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ceruloplasmin-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ceruloplasmin-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Creatinine Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/creatinine-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/creatinine-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/glomerular-filtration-rate-gfr-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/glomerular-filtration-rate-gfr-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen). Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/bun-blood-urea-nitrogen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/bun-blood-urea-nitrogen\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Sodium Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/sodium-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/sodium-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Potassium Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/potassium-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/potassium-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Urinalysis. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/003579.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/ency\/article\/003579.htm<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Nitrites in Urine. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/nitrites-in-urine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/nitrites-in-urine\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Protein in Urine. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/protein-in-urine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/protein-in-urine\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Blood in Urine. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/blood-in-urine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/blood-in-urine\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Osmolality Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/osmolality-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/osmolality-tests\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Chloride Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/chloride-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/chloride-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Phosphate in Blood. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/phosphate-in-blood\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/phosphate-in-blood\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/microalbumin-creatinine-ratio\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/microalbumin-creatinine-ratio\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Blood. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/carbon-dioxide-co2-in-blood\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/carbon-dioxide-co2-in-blood\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Anion Gap Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/anion-gap-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/anion-gap-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(1):20-9. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22762315\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22762315\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/tsh-thyroid-stimulating-hormone-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/tsh-thyroid-stimulating-hormone-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Thyroxine (T4) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/thyroxine-t4-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/thyroxine-t4-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Triiodothyronine (T3) Tests. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/triiodothyronine-t3-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/triiodothyronine-t3-tests\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Thyroid Antibodies. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/thyroid-antibodies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/thyroid-antibodies\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Voedingscentrum. Jodium. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/jodium.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/jodium.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Voedingscentrum. Selenium (seleen). Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/seleen.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/seleen.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Testosterone Levels Test. 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Vitamine E. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/vitamine-e.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/vitamine-e.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH). Coenzyme Q10. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nccih.nih.gov\/health\/coenzyme-q10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nccih.nih.gov\/health\/coenzyme-q10<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Voedingscentrum. Zink. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/zink.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/zink.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Voedingscentrum. Koper. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/koper.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.voedingscentrum.nl\/encyclopedie\/koper.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Malavolta M, Piacenza F, Basso A, et al. Serum copper to zinc ratio: Relationship with aging and health status. Mech Ageing Dev. 2015;151:93-100. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25660061\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25660061\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Zahorec R. Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts--rapid and simple parameter of systemic inflammation and stress in critically ill. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2001;102(1):5-14. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11723675\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11723675\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Mukanova U, et al. The Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Inflammatory Marker in Rheumatic Diseases. Ann Lab Med. 2019;39(4):345-357. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30809980\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30809980\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(23):6212-22. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25271081\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25271081\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate-esr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate-esr\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/rheumatoid-factor-rf-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/rheumatoid-factor-rf-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Immunoglobulins Blood Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/immunoglobulins-blood-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/immunoglobulins-blood-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ana-antinuclear-antibody-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/ana-antinuclear-antibody-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Celiac Disease Screening. 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Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/amylase-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/amylase-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Lipase Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/lipase-tests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/lipase-tests\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Heavy Metal Testing. Accessed on 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/heavy-metal-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/heavy-metal-testing\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). ToxFAQs for Cadmium. 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Accessed 29 September 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-test\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-test\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n<li>Liu Z, Kuo PL, Horvath S, et al. A new aging measure captures morbidity and mortality risk across diverse subpopulations from NHANES IV: A cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002718. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30596641\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30596641\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home \u203a Biomarkers Blood values explained: what each biomarker measures In an American study among 95 adults who had viewed a result in their online patient portal, nearly two thirds (63 per cent) received no explanation with it at all. 46 per cent then looked for more information online themselves.[1] On this page you can [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Blood values explained: all 150 biomarkers | BioProfile","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"What do your blood values mean? The 150 values (biomarkers) of BioProfile, measured or calculated, explained per health area with the source.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"2","_yoast_wpseo_opengraph-image":"","_yoast_wpseo_opengraph-image-id":"","_yoast_wpseo_twitter-image":"","_yoast_wpseo_twitter-image-id":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6592","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Blood values explained: all 150 biomarkers | BioProfile<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What do your blood values mean? 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