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Blood values explained: what each biomarker measures

In an American study among 95 adults who had viewed a result in their online patient portal, nearly two thirds (63 per cent) received no explanation with it at all. 46 per cent then looked for more information online themselves.^[1]

On this page you can read, per health area, what each value (biomarker) that BioProfile examines in your blood and urine measures, with the number of the source on every line.

BioProfile measures up to 152 values (biomarkers) across 19 health areas: 104 measured in your blood and urine and 48 calculated from those measurements. A value with its own explanation page is a link in the list.^[2]

Updated on 29 September 2026

Blood cells

20 values (biomarkers)

Hemoglobin: An iron-rich protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.^[3] Measured in all packages.
Hematocrit: The part of your blood, as a percentage, that consists of red blood cells.^[4] Measured in all packages.
Red blood cells: The number of red blood cells in your blood; they are made in your bone marrow and carry oxygen through your body.^[5] Measured in all packages.
White blood cells: The number of white blood cells, a part of your immune system; during an infection your body makes more of them.^[6] Measured in all packages.
Platelets: The number of platelets, small blood cells from your bone marrow that your blood needs in order to clot.^[7] Measured in all packages.
MCV: The average size of your red blood cells.^[8] Measured in all packages.
MCH: The average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell.^[9] Measured in all packages.
MCHC: How concentrated the haemoglobin in your red blood cells is.^[9] Measured in all packages.
RDW: How much the size of your red blood cells differs from one to another; healthy red blood cells are usually about the same size.^[10] Measured in all packages.
Neutrophils: The most common white blood cells, your main defence when bacteria, viruses or other pathogens enter your body.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Lymphocytes: White blood cells of two main types, B cells and T cells, which tackle viruses, bacteria and infected cells.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Monocytes: White blood cells that kill bacteria and viruses, strengthen your immune response and clear away dead cells.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Eosinophils: White blood cells that fight parasites and infections and play a part in allergies.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Basophils: White blood cells that release enzymes during an allergic reaction.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Vitamin B12: A vitamin for making red blood cells and for your nervous system to work well; it is found only in animal products.^[12] Measured in all packages.
Absolute neutrophil count: The number of neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, calculated from your white blood cells and the share of neutrophils among them.^[11] Calculated in all packages.
Reticulocytes: Young red blood cells that your bone marrow releases into your blood; they show whether your bone marrow is making enough new red blood cells.^[13] Measured in BioProfile 100 and above.
Folate: A B vitamin needed for growth and for making red and white blood cells.^[14] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Blood group and Rhesus: Your ABO blood group (A, B, AB or O) and your Rhesus factor, determined by sugars and proteins on the outside of your red blood cells.^[15] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Active B12: The part of the vitamin B12 in your blood, about a quarter, that is bound to transcobalamin and is therefore available to your cells.^[16] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Iron status

8 values (biomarkers)

Hemoglobin: An iron-rich protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.^[3] Measured in all packages.
Iron: The amount of iron in your blood at the moment your blood is drawn; your body uses iron to make haemoglobin, among other things.^[17] Measured in all packages.
Transferrin: The protein that carries iron around your body.^[17] Measured in all packages.
Ferritin: The protein your body stores iron in; the value shows how much iron your body has in reserve.^[17] Measured in all packages.
Total iron binding capacity: How well iron can bind to transferrin and other proteins in your blood.^[17] Calculated in all packages.
Transferrin saturation: How much of your transferrin is carrying iron: a measure of your iron status that takes the iron and the protein that carries it together.^[18] Calculated in all packages.
Unsaturated iron binding capacity: The iron binding capacity of your transferrin that is still free; in a large study this value worked about as well as the transferrin saturation at picking up iron overload.^[19] Calculated in all packages.
Ferritin/CRP index: Ferritin read alongside CRP: inflammation raises ferritin, which is why the WHO assesses ferritin together with an inflammation value.^[20] Calculated in all packages.

Blood sugar and metabolism

13 values (biomarkers)

Triglycerides: A fat in your blood; your body stores extra calories as triglycerides and uses them later as fuel.^[21] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Glucose, fasting: The amount of sugar (glucose) in your blood after a period without food; glucose is your body's main source of energy.^[22] Measured in BioProfile 79 and above.
Uric acid: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down purines; your kidneys carry it off through your urine.^[23] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine ketones: Ketones form when your body breaks down fat for energy because your cells are getting too little glucose; a small amount in your urine is normal.^[24] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine glucose: Sugar in your urine; normally there is little or no glucose in it, because your kidneys send it back into your blood.^[25] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Triglyceride/HDL ratio: Triglycerides divided by HDL cholesterol; in a study of 258 people who were overweight this was one of the most useful values for picking up insulin resistance.^[26] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
TyG index: The product of your fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a simple measure of insulin resistance without measuring insulin.^[27] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
HbA1c: Your average blood sugar over the past two to three months, measured from the sugar attached to your hemoglobin.^[28] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Insulin, fasting: The hormone from your pancreas that helps sugar move out of your blood and into your cells, measured after 8 to 12 hours without food.^[29] Measured in BioProfile 100 and above.
HOMA-IR: An estimate of your body's insulin resistance, calculated from your fasting glucose and insulin.^[30] Calculated from BioProfile 100 onwards.
HOMA-Beta: An estimate of how well your pancreas makes insulin (the beta cell function), from the same fasting glucose and insulin.^{[30, 29]} Calculated from BioProfile 100 onwards.
QUICKI: A measure of how sensitive your body is to insulin, calculated from your fasting insulin and glucose.^[31] Calculated in BioProfile 100 and above.
Estimated average glucose: Your HbA1c converted into an average glucose level, in the same unit as an ordinary blood sugar measurement.^[32] Calculated from BioProfile 100 onwards.

Heart and blood vessels

20 values (biomarkers)

hs-CRP: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation; the high sensitivity test also picks up very small rises.^[33] Measured in all packages.
Total cholesterol: All the cholesterol in your blood added together: the LDL cholesterol and the other bad particles, and the HDL cholesterol as well.^[34] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
LDL cholesterol: The cholesterol in LDL particles, which can build up in your blood vessels; that is why it is called the bad cholesterol.^[34] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
HDL cholesterol: The cholesterol in HDL particles, which help clear cholesterol out of your blood; sometimes called the good cholesterol.^[34] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Triglycerides: A fat in your blood; your body stores extra calories as triglycerides and uses them later as fuel.^[21] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Non-HDL cholesterol: Your total cholesterol minus your HDL cholesterol: all the bad cholesterol particles together, such as LDL, remnant particles and Lp(a).^[34] Calculated in BioProfile 79 and above.
Cholesterol/HDL ratio: Your total cholesterol divided by your HDL cholesterol; according to a review study this ratio predicts more than either of the two values on its own.^[35] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Remnant cholesterol: The cholesterol in the remnant particles of triglyceride-rich fat particles, calculated from your other cholesterol values.^{[36, 34]} Calculated in BioProfile 79 and above.
Triglyceride/HDL ratio: Triglycerides divided by HDL cholesterol; in a study of 258 people who were overweight this was one of the most useful values for picking up insulin resistance.^[26] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
LDL/HDL ratio: Your LDL cholesterol divided by your HDL cholesterol; according to a review study, this ratio predicts more than LDL cholesterol on its own.^[35] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Atherogenic index of plasma: The logarithm of your triglycerides divided by your HDL cholesterol; the value is related to the size of your LDL particles.^[37] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
TyG index: The product of your fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a simple measure of insulin resistance without measuring insulin.^[27] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Monocyte/HDL ratio: Your monocytes, white blood cells that play a part in hardening of the arteries, divided by your HDL cholesterol, which counters their action.^[38] Calculated in BioProfile 79 and above.
Apolipoprotein B: The protein that sits in every particle able to bring cholesterol into the vessel wall; that way ApoB counts the number of those particles.^[39] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Apolipoprotein A1: A protein of the HDL particle, the particle that helps clear cholesterol from your blood.^{[40, 34]} Measured in BioProfile 152.
Lipoprotein(a): A fat particle that resembles LDL but carries an extra protein; your genes set the level, which barely changes during your life.^[34] Measured in BioProfile 152.
NT-proBNP: A protein your heart uses to make the hormone BNP; your heart makes more of it when it has to work harder to pump blood around.^[41] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Fibrinogen: A protein from your liver that helps form blood clots and so stop a bleed.^[42] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Homocysteine: An amino acid that your body breaks down quickly with vitamin B12, B6 and folic acid; a high level can point to a shortage of those vitamins.^[43] Measured in BioProfile 152.
ApoB/ApoA1 ratio: ApoB divided by ApoA1: the ratio between the particles that bring cholesterol to the vessel wall and the protein of the good cholesterol.^[40] Calculated in BioProfile 152.

Liver

17 values (biomarkers)

Albumin: A protein from your liver that keeps the fluid inside your blood vessels and carries substances through your blood.^[44] Measured in all packages.
ALT: An enzyme found mainly in your liver; when liver cells are damaged, it enters your blood.^[45] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
AST: An enzyme found mainly in your liver, but also in your heart and muscles; when those cells are damaged, it rises in your blood.^[46] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
GGT: An enzyme found mainly in your liver; when your liver or bile ducts are damaged, it ends up in your blood.^[47] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
ALP: An enzyme found in all your tissues, in the largest amounts in your liver, bile ducts and bones.^[48] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Bilirubin, total: A yellow substance that forms when your body breaks down old red blood cells; a healthy liver removes it through the bile.^[49] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Total protein: All the protein in your blood together, mainly albumin and globulins.^[50] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine bilirubin: Bilirubin in your urine; normally there is none in it.^[51] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Globulin: A group of blood proteins, partly from your liver and partly from your immune system, which among other things help with blood clotting and with fighting infections.^[52] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Albumin/globulin ratio: Albumin divided by globulin, the two large groups of proteins in your blood.^[50] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
De Ritis ratio: AST divided by ALT; because AST clears from your blood faster than ALT, the ratio says something about how a liver problem is developing.^[53] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
FIB-4 index: An index from your age, AST, ALT and platelets, developed to estimate scarring of the liver (fibrosis) without a biopsy.^[54] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
APRI score: AST alongside your platelet count, developed as an index to estimate scarring of the liver.^[55] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Hepatic steatosis index: An index for fat in the liver, originally calculated from the ALT/AST ratio and your BMI, among other things.^[56] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
LDH: An enzyme that helps your cells make energy; it is in almost all of your tissues, most of all in muscle, liver, kidneys and red blood cells.^[57] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Bilirubin, direct: The direct (conjugated) form of bilirubin, the yellow breakdown product of old red blood cells that your liver removes through the bile.^[49] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Ceruloplasmin: A protein your liver makes by binding copper to a protein; it carries copper through your body.^[58] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Kidneys and fluid balance

22 values (biomarkers)

Uric acid: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down purines; your kidneys carry it off through your urine.^[23] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Creatinine: A waste product from your muscles that your kidneys filter out of your blood and remove through your urine.^[59] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
eGFR: An estimate of how much blood your kidneys filter per minute, calculated from your creatinine.^[60] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urea: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down protein; your kidneys carry it off through your urine.^[61] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Sodium: An electrolyte that helps regulate the amount of fluid in your body and the way your nerves and muscles work.^[62] Measured in BioProfile 79 and above.
Potassium: An electrolyte that your cells, nerves, heart and muscles need; almost all of your potassium sits inside your cells.^[63] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine pH: How acidic or alkaline your urine is, measured with a test strip during the urine test.^[64] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine specific gravity: How concentrated your urine is, one of the standard tests in the urine examination.^[64] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine leukocytes: White blood cells in your urine; these can point to a urinary tract infection.^[65] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine protein: Protein in your urine; normally there is very little protein in it.^[66] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine nitrite: Nitrite forms when bacteria convert the nitrate in your urine; it usually points to a urinary tract infection.^[65] Measured in BioProfile 79 and above.
Urine occult blood: Blood in your urine that you cannot see with the naked eye; often harmless, for example after hard exercise or during menstruation.^[67] Measured in BioProfile 79 and above.
Calculated osmolality: The amount of dissolved particles in your blood, calculated from sodium, glucose and urea; it says something about your fluid balance.^[68] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urea/creatinine ratio: Urea divided by creatinine, two waste products that your kidneys both filter out of your blood.^{[61, 59]} Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Chloride: An electrolyte, mainly from salt, that helps regulate the amount of fluid in your body and your blood volume.^[69] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Phosphate: An electrolyte containing the mineral phosphorus; most phosphate sits together with calcium in your bones.^[70] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Bicarbonate: The form in which most of the carbon dioxide in your body occurs; it helps keep the balance between acids and bases.^[71] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Microalbumin, urine: Small amounts of the blood protein albumin in your urine; healthy kidneys let through no more than a trace.^[72] Measured in BioProfile 100 and above.
Anion gap: A calculation from your electrolytes that shows whether the balance between acids and bases in your blood is right.^[73] Calculated from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Cystatin C: A protein that your kidneys filter out of your blood; a different measure from creatinine for estimating how well your kidneys filter.^[74] Measured in BioProfile 152.
eGFR by cystatin C: An estimate of your kidney filtering function calculated from cystatin C rather than from creatinine.^[74] Calculated in BioProfile 152.
Combined creatinine and cystatin C eGFR: An estimate of your kidney filtering function from creatinine and cystatin C together; in research this was more precise than either of the two on its own.^[74] Calculated in BioProfile 152.

Thyroid

7 values (biomarkers)

TSH: The hormone that prompts your thyroid to make thyroid hormone; a value that is too high or too low can point to a thyroid problem.^[75] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Free T4: The free, active part of thyroxine (T4), the most important hormone of your thyroid, which regulates how your body uses energy.^[76] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Free T3: The free, active part of T3, the second thyroid hormone, which together with T4 regulates how you use energy.^[77] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Free T3/free T4 ratio: Free T3 divided by free T4: how the two active thyroid hormones stand in relation to each other; T4 is the hormone your thyroid makes most of.^{[76, 77]} Calculated from BioProfile 123 onwards.
TPO antibodies: Antibodies against your own thyroid: proteins of your immune defence that turn against healthy thyroid tissue.^[78] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Iodine: A trace element your thyroid needs to make thyroid hormones; it occurs naturally in sea fish, eggs, dairy and seaweed.^[79] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Selenium: A trace element that protects your cells against damage and is important for your thyroid to work well.^[80] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Hormones

19 values (biomarkers)

Insulin, fasting: The hormone from your pancreas that helps sugar move out of your blood and into your cells, measured after 8 to 12 hours without food.^[29] Measured in BioProfile 100 and above.
Testosterone, total: A hormone found in both men and women that helps regulate things such as your sex drive and the growth of muscle and bone.^[81] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
SHBG: A protein, mainly from your liver, that binds sex hormones such as testosterone and oestrogen and so determines how much of them is active.^[82] Measured in BioProfile 123 and above.
Estradiol: The main oestrogen in women during the fertile years; men also make small amounts of it, and it supports the brain and the bones.^[83] Measured in BioProfile 123 and above.
Progesterone: A hormone, mainly from the ovaries, that rises after ovulation and prepares the lining of the womb.^[84] Measured in BioProfile 123 and above.
LH: A hormone that in women helps regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation and plays a role in fertility.^[85] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
FSH: A hormone that gets the growth of egg cells in the ovaries going and, together with LH, regulates the cycle.^[86] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Prolactin: A hormone from the pituitary gland, best known for milk production after childbirth; in men and in women who are not pregnant, the value is normally low.^[87] Measured in BioProfile 123 and above.
DHEA-S: A steroid hormone made mainly in your adrenal glands and present in men and women.^[88] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Cortisol: The hormone from your adrenal glands that helps your body respond to stress and helps regulate your blood sugar and metabolism.^[89] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Free testosterone, calculated: The testosterone that is not bound to proteins, calculated from your total testosterone and SHBG; in a comparative study this calculation was a reliable measure.^[90] Calculated from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Bioavailable testosterone: The testosterone that is not bound to SHBG and that your body can use straight away.^[90] Calculated from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Free androgen index: Your total testosterone divided by SHBG, times 100; according to a comparative study not a reliable measure of the testosterone available.^[90] Calculated from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Cortisol/DHEA-S ratio: Cortisol divided by DHEA-S, two adrenal hormones with an opposite effect on your immune system; the ratio rises with age.^[91] Calculated from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Testosterone/cortisol ratio: Testosterone divided by cortisol: a measure of the balance between build-up and breakdown in your body, studied in sports medicine.^[92] Calculated from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Estradiol/testosterone ratio: Estradiol divided by testosterone: the balance between the main oestrogen and testosterone, two hormones that men and women both have.^{[83, 81]} Calculated in BioProfile 123 and above.
LH/FSH ratio: LH divided by FSH, the two hormones that together regulate the cycle and ovulation; a raised ratio is described in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).^[93] Calculated from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Progesterone/estradiol ratio: Progesterone divided by estradiol: the balance between the two hormones that together build up the lining of the womb through the cycle and prepare it.^{[84, 83]} Calculated in BioProfile 123 and above.
Parathyroid hormone: The hormone from your parathyroid glands that regulates the amount of calcium in your blood.^[94] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Vitamins and minerals

19 values (biomarkers)

Magnesium: A mineral that is needed to build bone and muscle and to pass on nerve signals.^[95] Measured in all packages.
Vitamin D (25-OH): A vitamin for strong bones and teeth; your skin makes it itself under the influence of sunlight.^[96] Measured in all packages.
Vitamin B12: A vitamin for making red blood cells and for your nervous system to work well; it is found only in animal products.^[12] Measured in all packages.
Calcium: A mineral for building and maintaining your bones and teeth, and for your nerves, muscles and blood clotting.^[97] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Folate: A B vitamin needed for growth and for making red and white blood cells.^[14] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Vitamin B1: Thiamine, a vitamin your body cannot do without for its energy supply and for your nervous system.^[98] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Vitamin B6: A vitamin for breaking down and building up amino acids, for making blood and for your immune defence and nerves to work well.^[99] Measured from BioProfile 123 onwards.
Homocysteine: An amino acid that your body breaks down quickly with vitamin B12, B6 and folic acid; a high level can point to a shortage of those vitamins.^[43] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Iodine: A trace element your thyroid needs to make thyroid hormones; it occurs naturally in sea fish, eggs, dairy and seaweed.^[79] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Active B12: The part of the vitamin B12 in your blood, about a quarter, that is bound to transcobalamin and is therefore available to your cells.^[16] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Vitamin E: A fat-soluble vitamin that protects your cells and tissues as an antioxidant.^[100] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Coenzyme Q10: A substance that occurs naturally in your body, with the highest levels in your heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas.^[101] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Zinc: A trace element that forms part of many enzymes and is needed for building proteins and for your immune defence to work well.^[102] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Copper: A trace element involved in building connective tissue and bone and in your immune system working properly.^[103] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Ceruloplasmin: A protein your liver makes by binding copper to a protein; it carries copper through your body.^[58] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Selenium: A trace element that protects your cells against damage and is important for your thyroid to work well.^[80] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Copper/zinc ratio: Copper divided by zinc; during inflammation the zinc in your blood falls and copper rises, and the ratio goes up with age.^[104] Calculated in BioProfile 152.
Methylation status: Homocysteine read together with vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin B6, the vitamins your body needs to break homocysteine down.^[43] Calculated in BioProfile 152.
Functional B12 status: Vitamin B12 read together with active B12, the part your cells can actually take up.^[16] Calculated in BioProfile 152.

Inflammation

9 values (biomarkers)

hs-CRP: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation; the high sensitivity test also picks up very small rises.^[33] Measured in all packages.
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio: Neutrophils divided by lymphocytes; a simple measure of stress and inflammation in your body.^[105] Calculated in all packages.
Platelet/lymphocyte ratio: Platelets divided by lymphocytes; a measure that shows shifts in those cells during inflammation.^[106] Calculated in all packages.
Systemic immune-inflammation index: An index from your platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes, which brings three kinds of blood cell together as a measure of immune defence and inflammation.^[107] Calculated in all packages.
CRP/albumin ratio: CRP divided by albumin: an inflammation marker alongside a protein from your liver.^{[33, 44]} Calculated in all packages.
ESR: How quickly your red blood cells sink to the bottom of a tube; a fast rate can point to inflammation.^[108] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Monocyte/HDL ratio: Your monocytes, white blood cells that play a part in hardening of the arteries, divided by your HDL cholesterol, which counters their action.^[38] Calculated in BioProfile 79 and above.
Fibrinogen: A protein from your liver that helps form blood clots and so stop a bleed.^[42] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Copper/zinc ratio: Copper divided by zinc; during inflammation the zinc in your blood falls and copper rises, and the ratio goes up with age.^[104] Calculated in BioProfile 152.

Immune system

17 values (biomarkers)

White blood cells: The number of white blood cells, a part of your immune system; during an infection your body makes more of them.^[6] Measured in all packages.
Neutrophils: The most common white blood cells, your main defence when bacteria, viruses or other pathogens enter your body.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Lymphocytes: White blood cells of two main types, B cells and T cells, which tackle viruses, bacteria and infected cells.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Monocytes: White blood cells that kill bacteria and viruses, strengthen your immune response and clear away dead cells.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Eosinophils: White blood cells that fight parasites and infections and play a part in allergies.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Basophils: White blood cells that release enzymes during an allergic reaction.^[11] Measured in all packages.
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio: Neutrophils divided by lymphocytes; a simple measure of stress and inflammation in your body.^[105] Calculated in all packages.
Absolute neutrophil count: The number of neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, calculated from your white blood cells and the share of neutrophils among them.^[11] Calculated in all packages.
Platelet/lymphocyte ratio: Platelets divided by lymphocytes; a measure that shows shifts in those cells during inflammation.^[106] Calculated in all packages.
Systemic immune-inflammation index: An index from your platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes, which brings three kinds of blood cell together as a measure of immune defence and inflammation.^[107] Calculated in all packages.
Globulin: A group of blood proteins, partly from your liver and partly from your immune system, which among other things help with blood clotting and with fighting infections.^[52] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Rheumatoid factor: A protein of your immune system that turns against healthy antibodies instead of against pathogens.^[109] Measured in BioProfile 100 and above.
Immunoglobulin A: Antibodies that protect your airways and your digestion against infections; they are found in your blood, saliva and tears.^[110] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
TPO antibodies: Antibodies against your own thyroid: proteins of your immune defence that turn against healthy thyroid tissue.^[78] Measured in BioProfile 152.
ANA screen: Antibodies that target the nucleus of your own cells; a few of them in your blood is normal.^[111] Measured in BioProfile 152.
tTG-IgA, coeliac: Antibodies that form in coeliac disease, an immune reaction to gluten from wheat, barley and rye.^[112] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Zinc: A trace element that forms part of many enzymes and is needed for building proteins and for your immune defence to work well.^[102] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Bone health

8 values (biomarkers)

Magnesium: A mineral that is needed to build bone and muscle and to pass on nerve signals.^[95] Measured in all packages.
Vitamin D (25-OH): A vitamin for strong bones and teeth; your skin makes it itself under the influence of sunlight.^[96] Measured in all packages.
ALP: An enzyme found in all your tissues, in the largest amounts in your liver, bile ducts and bones.^[48] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Calcium: A mineral for building and maintaining your bones and teeth, and for your nerves, muscles and blood clotting.^[97] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Corrected calcium: Your calcium converted to a normal albumin level, because the amount of calcium in your blood is closely linked to your albumin.^[113] Calculated from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Phosphate: An electrolyte containing the mineral phosphorus; most phosphate sits together with calcium in your bones.^[70] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Estradiol: The main oestrogen in women during the fertile years; men also make small amounts of it, and it supports the brain and the bones.^[83] Measured in BioProfile 123 and above.
Parathyroid hormone: The hormone from your parathyroid glands that regulates the amount of calcium in your blood.^[94] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Muscles and joints

6 values (biomarkers)

Uric acid: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down purines; your kidneys carry it off through your urine.^[23] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
AST: An enzyme found mainly in your liver, but also in your heart and muscles; when those cells are damaged, it rises in your blood.^[46] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Creatinine: A waste product from your muscles that your kidneys filter out of your blood and remove through your urine.^[59] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
LDH: An enzyme that helps your cells make energy; it is in almost all of your tissues, most of all in muscle, liver, kidneys and red blood cells.^[57] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Creatine kinase: An enzyme that helps your muscles make energy and sits mainly in your skeletal muscles.^[114] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Rheumatoid factor: A protein of your immune system that turns against healthy antibodies instead of against pathogens.^[109] Measured in BioProfile 100 and above.

Pancreas

2 values (biomarkers)

Amylase: An enzyme from your pancreas and salivary glands that helps digest carbohydrates.^[115] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
Lipase: An enzyme, mainly from your pancreas, that helps digest fats.^[116] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.

Urinalysis

12 values (biomarkers)

Urine pH: How acidic or alkaline your urine is, measured with a test strip during the urine test.^[64] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine specific gravity: How concentrated your urine is, one of the standard tests in the urine examination.^[64] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine appearance: How your urine looks to the naked eye: clear or cloudy, light or dark in colour.^[64] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine leukocytes: White blood cells in your urine; these can point to a urinary tract infection.^[65] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine bilirubin: Bilirubin in your urine; normally there is none in it.^[51] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine protein: Protein in your urine; normally there is very little protein in it.^[66] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine ketones: Ketones form when your body breaks down fat for energy because your cells are getting too little glucose; a small amount in your urine is normal.^[24] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine nitrite: Nitrite forms when bacteria convert the nitrate in your urine; it usually points to a urinary tract infection.^[65] Measured in BioProfile 79 and above.
Urine glucose: Sugar in your urine; normally there is little or no glucose in it, because your kidneys send it back into your blood.^[25] Measured from BioProfile 79 onwards.
Urine occult blood: Blood in your urine that you cannot see with the naked eye; often harmless, for example after hard exercise or during menstruation.^[67] Measured in BioProfile 79 and above.
Microalbumin, urine: Small amounts of the blood protein albumin in your urine; healthy kidneys let through no more than a trace.^[72] Measured in BioProfile 100 and above.
Cadmium, urine: The heavy metal cadmium, measured in your urine; heavy metals occur in the environment, in food and through industry and agriculture.^[117] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Gut and digestion

2 values (biomarkers)

Immunoglobulin A: Antibodies that protect your airways and your digestion against infections; they are found in your blood, saliva and tears.^[110] Measured from BioProfile 100 onwards.
tTG-IgA, coeliac: Antibodies that form in coeliac disease, an immune reaction to gluten from wheat, barley and rye.^[112] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Heavy metals

3 values (biomarkers)

Lead: A heavy metal that occurs naturally in the environment and can be harmful in your body.^[117] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Mercury: A heavy metal, among other things in organic form from fish, that can be harmful in your body.^[117] Measured in BioProfile 152.
Cadmium, urine: The heavy metal cadmium, measured in your urine; heavy metals occur in the environment, in food and through industry and agriculture.^[117] Measured in BioProfile 152.

Prostate

1 values (biomarkers)

PSA: A protein your prostate makes; a low value in your blood is normal.^[118] Measured in BioProfile 152.

General health

2 values (biomarkers)

PhenoAge biological age: A biological age, calculated from your age and nine ordinary blood values; in a study of more than 11,000 adults this measure was linked to the risk of dying, also independently of calendar age.^[119] Calculated in BioProfile 79 and above.
PhenoAge acceleration: The difference between your PhenoAge biological age and your calendar age: a positive value means your body looks older than expected, a negative one younger.^[119] Calculated in BioProfile 79 and above.

Which packages measure these values

With every value you can see from which package BioProfile measures it. You can find all packages, with their price and the draw points, on the page about the blood test.

View the packages

How this page was made

The BioProfile editorial team wrote this page on 29 September 2026. Every line comes from a public source we read that day, with the number of that source alongside it: MedlinePlus from the American National Library of Medicine, the Voedingscentrum, the Hartstichting, Sanquin and scientific publications. An expert is still reviewing this page. This page gives an explanation and not a diagnosis. Discuss any value outside the normal range with your general practitioner.

Sources

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BioProfile, the blood test packages and the values in each package. https://bioprofile.com/bloedonderzoek/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Hemoglobin Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hemoglobin-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Hematocrit Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hematocrit-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/red-blood-cell-rbc-count/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. White Blood Count (WBC). Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/white-blood-count-wbc/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Platelet Tests. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/platelet-tests/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume). Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/mcv-mean-corpuscular-volume/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Red Blood Cell (RBC) Indices. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/red-blood-cell-rbc-indices/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width). Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/rdw-red-cell-distribution-width/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Blood Differential. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-differential/
Voedingscentrum. Vitamine B12. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-b12.aspx
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Reticulocyte Count. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/reticulocyte-count/
Voedingscentrum. Foliumzuur. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/foliumzuur.aspx
Sanquin. Bloedgroepen. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.sanquin.nl/donors/alles-over-bloed/bloedgroepen
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Iron Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/iron-tests/
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Triglycerides Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/triglycerides-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Blood Glucose Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-glucose-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Uric Acid Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/uric-acid-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Ketones in Urine. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ketones-in-urine/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Glucose in Urine Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/glucose-in-urine-test/
McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, et al. Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(10):802-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14623617/
Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299-304. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19067533/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hemoglobin-a1c-hba1c-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Insulin in Blood. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/insulin-in-blood/
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3899825/
Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(7):2402-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10902785/
Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, et al. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1473-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18540046/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/c-reactive-protein-crp-test/
Hartstichting. Cholesterol. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://www.hartstichting.nl/oorzaken/cholesterol
Millán J, Pintó X, Muñoz A, et al. Lipoprotein ratios: Physiological significance and clinical usefulness in cardiovascular prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:757-65. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774217/
Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, et al. Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(4):427-436. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23265341/
Dobiásová M, Frohlich J. The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER(HDL)). Clin Biochem. 2001;34(7):583-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11738396/
Ganjali S, Gotto AM Jr, Ruscica M, et al. Monocyte-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio as a prognostic marker in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(12):9237-9246. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30076716/
Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, et al. Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(12):1287-1295. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31642874/
Walldius G, Jungner I. Apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I: risk indicators of coronary heart disease and targets for lipid-modifying therapy. J Intern Med. 2004;255(2):188-205. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746556/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Natriuretic Peptide Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP). Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/natriuretic-peptide-tests-bnp-nt-probnp/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Fibrinogen blood test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003650.htm
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Homocysteine Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/homocysteine-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Albumin Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/albumin-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ALT Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alt-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. AST Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ast-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Alkaline Phosphatase. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bilirubin Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bilirubin-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Total Protein and Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/total-protein-and-albumin-globulin-a-g-ratio/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bilirubin in Urine. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bilirubin-in-urine/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Globulin Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/globulin-test/
Botros M, Sikaris KA. The de ritis ratio: the test of time. Clin Biochem Rev. 2013;34(3):117-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24353357/
Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1317-25. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16729309/
Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):518-26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12883497/
Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ, et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(7):503-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19766548/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Ceruloplasmin Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ceruloplasmin-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Creatinine Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/creatinine-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/glomerular-filtration-rate-gfr-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen). Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bun-blood-urea-nitrogen/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Sodium Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sodium-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Potassium Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/potassium-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Urinalysis. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003579.htm
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Nitrites in Urine. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/nitrites-in-urine/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Protein in Urine. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/protein-in-urine/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Blood in Urine. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/blood-in-urine/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Osmolality Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/osmolality-tests/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Chloride Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/chloride-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Phosphate in Blood. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/phosphate-in-blood/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Blood. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/carbon-dioxide-co2-in-blood/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/microalbumin-creatinine-ratio/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Anion Gap Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/anion-gap-blood-test/
Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(1):20-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22762315/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/tsh-thyroid-stimulating-hormone-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Thyroxine (T4) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/thyroxine-t4-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Triiodothyronine (T3) Tests. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/triiodothyronine-t3-tests/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Thyroid Antibodies. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/thyroid-antibodies/
Voedingscentrum. Jodium. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/jodium.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Selenium (seleen). Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/seleen.aspx
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Testosterone Levels Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/testosterone-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. SHBG Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/shbg-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Estrogen Levels Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/estrogen-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Progesterone Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/progesterone-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Levels Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/luteinizing-hormone-lh-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Levels Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/follicle-stimulating-hormone-fsh-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Prolactin Levels. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/prolactin-levels/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. DHEA Sulfate Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/dhea-sulfate-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Cortisol Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/cortisol-test/
Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(10):3666-72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10523012/
Butcher SK, Killampalli V, Lascelles D, et al. Raised cortisol:DHEAS ratios in the elderly after injury: potential impact upon neutrophil function and immunity. Aging Cell. 2005;4(6):319-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16300484/
Mondal S, Hathi DK, Bhattacharya S, et al. The Testosterone: Cortisol Ratio - A Tool with Practical Use and Research Potential in Endocrinology. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2025;29(5):510-516. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41229716/
Yang J, Chen C. Hormonal changes in PCOS. J Endocrinol. 2024;261(1). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38285626/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/parathyroid-hormone-pth-test/
Voedingscentrum. Magnesium. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/magnesium.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Vitamine D. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-d.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Calcium. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/calcium.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Vitamine B1. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-b1.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Vitamine B6. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-b6.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Vitamine E. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-e.aspx
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH). Coenzyme Q10. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/coenzyme-q10
Voedingscentrum. Zink. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/zink.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Koper. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/koper.aspx
Malavolta M, Piacenza F, Basso A, et al. Serum copper to zinc ratio: Relationship with aging and health status. Mech Ageing Dev. 2015;151:93-100. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25660061/
Zahorec R. Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte counts--rapid and simple parameter of systemic inflammation and stress in critically ill. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2001;102(1):5-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11723675/
Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Mukanova U, et al. The Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Inflammatory Marker in Rheumatic Diseases. Ann Lab Med. 2019;39(4):345-357. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30809980/
Hu B, Yang XR, Xu Y, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(23):6212-22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25271081/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate-esr/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/rheumatoid-factor-rf-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Immunoglobulins Blood Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/immunoglobulins-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ana-antinuclear-antibody-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Celiac Disease Screening. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/celiac-disease-screening/
Payne RB, Little AJ, Williams RB, et al. Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J. 1973;4(5893):643-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4758544/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Creatine Kinase. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/creatine-kinase/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Amylase Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/amylase-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Lipase Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/lipase-tests/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Heavy Metal Testing. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/heavy-metal-testing/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-test/
Liu Z, Kuo PL, Horvath S, et al. A new aging measure captures morbidity and mortality risk across diverse subpopulations from NHANES IV: A cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002718. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30596641/

Blood values explained: what each biomarker measures

Health areas

Blood cells

Iron status

Blood sugar and metabolism

Heart and blood vessels

Liver

Kidneys and fluid balance

Thyroid

Hormones

Vitamins and minerals

Inflammation

Immune system

Bone health

Muscles and joints

Pancreas

Urinalysis

Gut and digestion

Heavy metals

Prostate

General health

Which packages measure these values

How this page was made

Sources

ANALYSIS

ADVICE

FOR EXPERTS

BIOPROFILE