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Blood values explained: what each biomarker measures

In an American study among 95 adults who had viewed a result in their online patient portal, nearly two thirds (63 per cent) received no explanation with it at all. 46 per cent then looked for more information online themselves.^[1]

On this page you can read, per health area, what each value (biomarker) that BioProfile examines in your blood and urine measures, with the number of the source on every line.

BioProfile measures up to 150 values (biomarkers) across 19 health areas: 100 measured in your blood and urine and 50 calculated from those measurements. The separate test BioProfile Heavy metals adds two values that are not in any package: aluminium and arsenic in urine. In the list, a value with its own explanation page is a link.^[2]

Updated on 5 October 2026

Health areas

Blood cells
Iron status
Blood sugar and metabolism
Heart and blood vessels
Liver
Kidneys and fluid balance
Thyroid
Hormones
Vitamins and minerals
Inflammation
Immune system
Bone health
Muscles and joints
Pancreas
Urinalysis
Gut and digestion
Heavy metals
Prostate
General health

Blood cells

20 values (biomarkers)

Hemoglobin: An iron-rich protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.^[3] Measured in all five packages.
Hematocrit: The percentage of your blood made up of red blood cells.^[4] Measured in all five packages.
Red blood cells: The number of red blood cells in your blood. They are made in your bone marrow and carry oxygen around your body.^[5] Measured in all five packages.
White blood cells: The number of white blood cells, part of your immune defences; when you have an infection your body makes more of them.^[6] Measured in all five packages.
Platelets: The number of platelets, small blood cells made in your bone marrow that your blood needs in order to clot.^[7] Measured in all five packages.
MCV: The average size of your red blood cells.^[8] Measured in all five packages.
RDW: How much your red blood cells differ from one another in size. Healthy red blood cells are usually roughly the same size.^[9] Measured in all five packages.
Neutrophils: The most common white blood cells, and your main defence when bacteria, viruses or other pathogens enter your body.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Lymphocytes: White blood cells of two main types, B cells and T cells, which deal with viruses, bacteria and infected cells.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Monocytes: White blood cells that kill bacteria and viruses, strengthen your immune response and clear away dead cells.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Eosinophils: White blood cells that fight parasites and infections and play a role in allergies.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Basophils: white blood cells that release enzymes during an allergic reaction.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Vitamin B12: A vitamin for making red blood cells and for your nervous system to work well; it is found only in animal products.^[11] Measured in all five packages.
MCH: The average amount of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell.^[12] Calculated in all five packages.
MCHC: How concentrated the haemoglobin in your red blood cells is.^[12] Calculated in all five packages.
Absolute neutrophil count: The number of neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, calculated from your white blood cells and the share of neutrophils among them.^[10] Calculated in all five packages.
Reticulocytes: Young red blood cells that your bone marrow releases into your blood; they show whether your bone marrow is making enough new red blood cells.^[13] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Folate: A B vitamin needed for growth and for making red and white blood cells.^[14] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Blood group and Rhesus: Your ABO blood group (A, B, AB or O) and your Rhesus factor, set by sugars and proteins on the outside of your red blood cells.^[15] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Active B12: The part of the vitamin B12 in your blood, about a quarter, that is bound to transcobalamin and therefore available to your cells.^[16] Measured in BioProfile 150.

Iron status

8 values (biomarkers)

Hemoglobin: An iron-rich protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body.^[3] Measured in all five packages.
Iron: The amount of iron in your blood at the moment your blood is taken; your body uses iron for things such as making haemoglobin.^[17] Measured in all five packages.
Transferrin: the protein that carries iron around your body.^[17] Measured in all five packages.
Ferritin: The protein your body stores iron in; the value shows how much iron your body has in reserve.^[17] Measured in all five packages.
Total iron binding capacity: How well iron can bind to transferrin and other proteins in your blood.^[17] Calculated in all five packages.
Transferrin saturation: how much of your transferrin is carrying iron. It is a measure of your iron status that looks at the iron and the protein that carries it together.^[18] Calculated in all five packages.
Unsaturated iron binding capacity: The iron binding capacity of your transferrin that is still free; in a large study this value worked about as well as transferrin saturation at picking up iron overload.^[19] Calculated in all five packages.
Ferritin/CRP index: Ferritin read alongside CRP: inflammation raises ferritin, which is why the WHO assesses ferritin together with an inflammation value.^[20] Calculated in all five packages.

Blood sugar and metabolism

13 values (biomarkers)

Triglycerides: A fat in your blood. Your body stores extra calories as triglycerides and later uses them as fuel.^[21] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Glucose, fasting: The amount of sugar (glucose) in your blood after a period without food; glucose is your body's main source of energy.^[22] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Uric acid: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down purines; your kidneys carry it off in your urine.^[23] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine ketones: Ketones form when your body breaks down fat for energy because your cells are getting too little glucose; a small amount in your urine is normal.^[24] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine glucose: Sugar in your urine; normally there is little or no glucose in it, because your kidneys send it back to your blood.^[25] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Triglyceride/HDL ratio: Triglycerides divided by HDL cholesterol; in a study among 258 people who were overweight, this was one of the most useful values for picking up insulin resistance.^[26] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
TyG index: The product of your fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a simple measure of insulin resistance without measuring insulin.^[27] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
HbA1c: Your average blood sugar over the past two to three months, measured from the sugar attached to your haemoglobin.^[28] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Insulin, fasting: The hormone from your pancreas that helps sugar out of your blood and into your cells, measured after 8 to 12 hours without food.^[29] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
HOMA-IR: An estimate of your body's insulin resistance, worked out from your fasting glucose and insulin.^[30] Calculated in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
HOMA-Beta: An estimate of how well your pancreas makes insulin (the beta cell function), from the same fasting glucose and insulin.^{[30, 29]} Calculated in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
QUICKI: A measure of how sensitive your body is to insulin, calculated from your fasting insulin and glucose.^[31] Calculated in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Estimated average glucose: Your HbA1c converted to an average glucose value, in the same unit as an ordinary blood sugar reading.^[32] Calculated in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.

Heart and blood vessels

20 values (biomarkers)

hs-CRP: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation; the high-sensitivity test also measures very small increases.^[33] Measured in all five packages.
Total cholesterol: all the cholesterol in your blood added together: the LDL cholesterol and the other bad particles, and the HDL cholesterol too.^[34] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
LDL cholesterol: The cholesterol carried in LDL particles, which can build up in your blood vessels; this is why it is called the bad cholesterol.^[34] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
HDL cholesterol: The cholesterol in HDL particles, which help clear cholesterol from your blood; sometimes called the good cholesterol.^[34] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Triglycerides: A fat in your blood. Your body stores extra calories as triglycerides and later uses them as fuel.^[21] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Non-HDL cholesterol: your total cholesterol minus your HDL cholesterol. It covers all the bad cholesterol particles together, such as LDL, remnant particles and Lp(a).^[34] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Cholesterol/HDL ratio: Your total cholesterol divided by your HDL cholesterol; according to a review study this ratio predicts more than either of the two values on its own.^[35] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Remnant cholesterol: The cholesterol in the leftover particles of triglyceride-rich fat particles, calculated from your other cholesterol values.^{[36, 34]} Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Triglyceride/HDL ratio: Triglycerides divided by HDL cholesterol; in a study among 258 people who were overweight, this was one of the most useful values for picking up insulin resistance.^[26] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
LDL/HDL ratio: Your LDL cholesterol divided by your HDL cholesterol; according to a review study this ratio predicts more than LDL cholesterol on its own.^[35] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Atherogenic index of plasma: The logarithm of your triglycerides divided by your HDL cholesterol; the value is linked to the size of your LDL particles.^[37] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
TyG index: The product of your fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a simple measure of insulin resistance without measuring insulin.^[27] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Monocyte/HDL ratio: Your monocytes, white blood cells that play a part in hardening of the arteries, divided by your HDL cholesterol, which works against them.^[38] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Apolipoprotein B: The protein that sits in every particle that can carry cholesterol into the artery wall; this way ApoB counts the number of those particles.^[39] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Apolipoprotein A1: A protein of the HDL particle, the particle that helps clear cholesterol out of your blood.^{[40, 34]} Measured in BioProfile 150.
Lipoprotein(a): A fat particle that looks like LDL but carries an extra protein; your genes set the value, and it barely changes over your lifetime.^[34] Measured in BioProfile 150.
NT-proBNP: A protein your heart turns into the hormone BNP; your heart makes more of it when it has to work harder to pump blood around.^[41] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Fibrinogen: A protein from your liver that helps form blood clots and so stop bleeding.^[42] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Homocysteine: An amino acid that your body breaks down quickly with vitamin B12, B6 and folate; a high level can point to a shortage of those vitamins.^[43] Measured in BioProfile 150.
ApoB/ApoA1 ratio: ApoB divided by ApoA1: the ratio between the particles that carry cholesterol to the artery wall and the protein of the good cholesterol.^[40] Calculated in BioProfile 150.

Liver

16 values (biomarkers)

Albumin: A protein made by your liver that keeps fluid inside your blood vessels and carries substances through your blood.^[44] Measured in all five packages.
ALT: An enzyme found mainly in your liver. When liver cells are damaged, it is released into your blood.^[45] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
AST: An enzyme found mainly in your liver, but also in your heart and muscles; when those cells are damaged, it rises in your blood.^[46] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
GGT: An enzyme that sits mainly in your liver; when your liver or bile ducts are damaged, it enters your blood.^[47] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
ALP: An enzyme found in all your tissues, with the largest amounts in your liver, bile ducts and bones.^[48] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Bilirubin, total: A yellow substance that forms when your body breaks down old red blood cells; a healthy liver clears it through the bile.^[49] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Total protein: All the protein in your blood together, mainly albumin and globulins.^[50] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Globulin: A group of blood proteins, partly from your liver and partly from your immune system, that help with blood clotting and with fighting infections, among other things.^[51] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Albumin/globulin ratio: Albumin divided by globulin, the two large groups of proteins in your blood.^[50] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
De Ritis ratio: AST divided by ALT; because AST disappears from your blood faster than ALT, the ratio says something about how a liver problem is developing.^[52] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
FIB-4 index: An index from your age, AST, ALT and platelets, developed to estimate scarring of the liver (fibrosis) without a biopsy.^[53] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
APRI score: AST alongside your platelet count, developed as an index to estimate scarring of the liver.^[54] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Hepatic steatosis index: An index for fat in the liver, originally worked out from the ALT/AST ratio and your BMI, among other things.^[55] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
LDH: An enzyme that helps your cells make energy; it is in almost all of your tissues, most of all in muscle, liver, kidneys and red blood cells.^[56] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Bilirubin, direct: The direct (conjugated) form of bilirubin, the yellow breakdown product of old red blood cells that your liver removes through the bile.^[49] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Ceruloplasmin: A protein your liver makes by binding copper to a protein; it carries copper through your body.^[57] Measured in BioProfile 150.

Kidneys and fluid balance

22 values (biomarkers)

Uric acid: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down purines; your kidneys carry it off in your urine.^[23] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Creatinine: A waste product from your muscles that your kidneys filter out of your blood and remove through your urine.^[58] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
eGFR: An estimate of how much blood your kidneys filter each minute, calculated from your creatinine.^[59] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urea: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down protein; your kidneys remove it through your urine.^[60] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Sodium: An electrolyte that helps regulate how much fluid is in your body and how your nerves and muscles work.^[61] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Potassium: An electrolyte that your cells, nerves, heart and muscles need; nearly all of your potassium sits inside your cells.^[62] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine pH: How acidic or alkaline your urine is, measured with a test strip during the urine test.^[63] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine specific gravity: How concentrated your urine is, one of the standard tests in the urine analysis.^[63] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine leukocytes: White blood cells in your urine; these can point to a urinary tract infection.^[64] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine protein: Protein in your urine; normally, your urine contains very little protein.^[65] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine nitrite: Nitrite forms when bacteria convert the nitrate in your urine; it usually points to a urinary tract infection.^[64] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine occult blood: Blood in your urine that you cannot see with the naked eye. It is often harmless, for example after heavy exercise or during your period.^[66] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Calculated osmolality: The amount of dissolved particles in your blood, calculated from sodium, glucose and urea; it says something about your fluid balance.^[67] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urea/creatinine ratio: Urea divided by creatinine, two waste products that your kidneys both filter out of your blood.^{[60, 58]} Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Chloride: An electrolyte, mostly from salt, that helps regulate the amount of fluid in your body and your blood volume.^[68] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Phosphate: An electrolyte containing the mineral phosphorus; most of your phosphate sits in your bones together with calcium.^[69] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Bicarbonate: The form in which most of the carbon dioxide in your body occurs; it helps keep the balance between acids and bases.^[70] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Microalbumin, urine: Small amounts of the blood protein albumin in your urine; healthy kidneys let through no more than a trace.^[71] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Anion gap: A calculation from your electrolytes that shows whether the balance between acids and bases in your blood is right.^[72] Calculated in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Cystatin C: A protein that your kidneys filter out of your blood; a different measure from creatinine for estimating how well your kidneys filter.^[73] Measured in BioProfile 150.
eGFR by cystatin C: An estimate of your kidney filtering function that is calculated not from creatinine but from cystatin C.^[73] Calculated in BioProfile 150.
Combined creatinine and cystatin C eGFR: An estimate of your kidney filtering function from creatinine and cystatin C together; in research this was more precise than either of the two on its own.^[73] Calculated in BioProfile 150.

Thyroid

7 values (biomarkers)

TSH: The hormone that prompts your thyroid to make thyroid hormone; a level that is too high or too low can point to a thyroid problem.^[74] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Free T4: The free, active part of thyroxine (T4), the most important hormone of your thyroid, which regulates how your body uses energy.^[75] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Free T3: The free, active part of T3, the second thyroid hormone, which together with T4 regulates how your body uses energy.^[76] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Free T3/free T4 ratio: Free T3 divided by free T4: how the two active thyroid hormones relate to each other; T4 is the hormone your thyroid makes most of.^{[75, 76]} Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
TPO antibodies: Antibodies against your own thyroid: proteins of your immune system that target healthy thyroid tissue.^[77] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Iodine: A trace element your thyroid needs to make thyroid hormones; it occurs naturally in sea fish, eggs, dairy and seaweed.^[78] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Selenium: A trace element that protects your cells against damage and is important for your thyroid to work well.^[79] Measured in BioProfile 150.

Hormones

19 values (biomarkers)

Insulin, fasting: The hormone from your pancreas that helps sugar out of your blood and into your cells, measured after 8 to 12 hours without food.^[29] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Testosterone, total: A hormone found in men and in women that helps regulate things such as your sex drive and the growth of muscle and bone.^[80] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
SHBG: A protein, mainly from your liver, that binds sex hormones such as testosterone and oestrogen and so determines how much of them is active.^[81] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Estradiol: The main oestrogen in women during the fertile years; men make small amounts of it too, and it supports the brain and the bones.^[82] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Progesterone: A hormone, mainly from the ovaries, that rises after ovulation and prepares the lining of the womb.^[83] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
LH: A hormone that in women helps regulate the menstrual cycle and ovulation, and that plays a part in fertility.^[84] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
FSH: A hormone that gets the growth of egg cells in the ovaries going and, together with LH, regulates the cycle.^[85] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Prolactin: A hormone from the pituitary gland, best known for milk production after giving birth; in men and in women who are not pregnant, the level is normally low.^[86] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
DHEA-S: A steroid hormone made mainly in your adrenal glands and found in both men and women.^[87] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Cortisol: The hormone from your adrenal glands that helps your body respond to stress and helps regulate your blood sugar and metabolism.^[88] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Free testosterone, calculated: The testosterone that is not bound to proteins, calculated from your total testosterone and SHBG; in a comparative study this calculation was a reliable measure.^[89] Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Bioavailable testosterone: The testosterone that is not bound to SHBG and that your body can use straight away.^[89] Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Free androgen index: Your total testosterone divided by SHBG, times 100; according to a comparative study not a reliable measure of the testosterone that is available.^[89] Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Cortisol/DHEA-S ratio: Cortisol divided by DHEA-S, two adrenal hormones with an opposite effect on your immune system; the ratio rises with age.^[90] Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Testosterone/cortisol ratio: Testosterone divided by cortisol: a measure of the balance between build-up and breakdown in your body, studied in sports medicine.^[91] Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Estradiol/testosterone ratio: Estradiol divided by testosterone: the balance between the main oestrogen and testosterone, two hormones that both men and women have.^{[82, 80]} Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
LH/FSH ratio: LH divided by FSH, the two hormones that together regulate the cycle and ovulation; a raised ratio is described in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).^[92] Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Progesterone/estradiol ratio: Progesterone divided by estradiol: the balance between the two hormones that together build up and prepare the lining of the womb across the cycle.^{[83, 82]} Calculated in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Parathyroid hormone: The hormone from your parathyroid glands that regulates how much calcium is in your blood.^[93] Measured in BioProfile 150.

Vitamins and minerals

19 values (biomarkers)

Magnesium: A mineral your body needs to build bone and muscle and to pass on nerve signals.^[94] Measured in all five packages.
Vitamin D (25-OH): A vitamin for strong bones and teeth; your skin makes it itself when exposed to sunlight.^[95] Measured in all five packages.
Vitamin B12: A vitamin for making red blood cells and for your nervous system to work well; it is found only in animal products.^[11] Measured in all five packages.
Calcium: A mineral for building and maintaining your bones and teeth, and for your nerves, muscles and blood clotting.^[96] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Folate: A B vitamin needed for growth and for making red and white blood cells.^[14] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Vitamin B1: Thiamine, a vitamin your body cannot do without for its energy supply and for your nervous system.^[97] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Vitamin B6: A vitamin for the breakdown and build-up of amino acids, for making blood and for your immune system and nerves to work well.^[98] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Homocysteine: An amino acid that your body breaks down quickly with vitamin B12, B6 and folate; a high level can point to a shortage of those vitamins.^[43] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Iodine: A trace element your thyroid needs to make thyroid hormones; it occurs naturally in sea fish, eggs, dairy and seaweed.^[78] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Active B12: The part of the vitamin B12 in your blood, about a quarter, that is bound to transcobalamin and therefore available to your cells.^[16] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Vitamin E: A fat-soluble vitamin that protects your cells and tissues as an antioxidant.^[99] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Coenzyme Q10: A substance that occurs naturally in your body, with the highest levels in your heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas.^[100] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Zinc: A trace element that forms part of many enzymes and is needed to build proteins and for your immune defences to work well.^[101] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Copper: A trace element involved in forming connective tissue and bone and in your immune system working well.^[102] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Ceruloplasmin: A protein your liver makes by binding copper to a protein; it carries copper through your body.^[57] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Selenium: A trace element that protects your cells against damage and is important for your thyroid to work well.^[79] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Copper/zinc ratio: Copper divided by zinc; with inflammation the zinc in your blood falls and copper rises, and the ratio goes up with age.^[103] Calculated in BioProfile 150.
Methylation status: Homocysteine read together with vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin B6, the vitamins your body needs to break homocysteine down.^[43] Calculated in BioProfile 150.
Functional B12 status: Vitamin B12 read together with active B12, the part your cells can actually take up.^[16] Calculated in BioProfile 150.

Inflammation

9 values (biomarkers)

hs-CRP: A protein your liver makes when there is inflammation; the high-sensitivity test also measures very small increases.^[33] Measured in all five packages.
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio: Neutrophils divided by lymphocytes; a simple measure of stress and inflammation in your body.^[104] Calculated in all five packages.
Platelet/lymphocyte ratio: Platelets divided by lymphocytes; a measure that shows the shifts in those cells during inflammation.^[105] Calculated in all five packages.
Systemic immune-inflammation index: An index from your platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes, which brings three kinds of blood cell together as a measure of immunity and inflammation.^[106] Calculated in all five packages.
CRP/albumin ratio: CRP divided by albumin: an inflammation value read next to a protein from your liver.^{[33, 44]} Calculated in all five packages.
ESR: How quickly your red blood cells sink to the bottom of a tube; a fast rate can point to inflammation.^[107] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Monocyte/HDL ratio: Your monocytes, white blood cells that play a part in hardening of the arteries, divided by your HDL cholesterol, which works against them.^[38] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Fibrinogen: A protein from your liver that helps form blood clots and so stop bleeding.^[42] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Copper/zinc ratio: Copper divided by zinc; with inflammation the zinc in your blood falls and copper rises, and the ratio goes up with age.^[103] Calculated in BioProfile 150.

Immune system

17 values (biomarkers)

White blood cells: The number of white blood cells, part of your immune defences; when you have an infection your body makes more of them.^[6] Measured in all five packages.
Neutrophils: The most common white blood cells, and your main defence when bacteria, viruses or other pathogens enter your body.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Lymphocytes: White blood cells of two main types, B cells and T cells, which deal with viruses, bacteria and infected cells.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Monocytes: White blood cells that kill bacteria and viruses, strengthen your immune response and clear away dead cells.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Eosinophils: White blood cells that fight parasites and infections and play a role in allergies.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Basophils: white blood cells that release enzymes during an allergic reaction.^[10] Measured in all five packages.
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio: Neutrophils divided by lymphocytes; a simple measure of stress and inflammation in your body.^[104] Calculated in all five packages.
Absolute neutrophil count: The number of neutrophils, the most common white blood cells, calculated from your white blood cells and the share of neutrophils among them.^[10] Calculated in all five packages.
Platelet/lymphocyte ratio: Platelets divided by lymphocytes; a measure that shows the shifts in those cells during inflammation.^[105] Calculated in all five packages.
Systemic immune-inflammation index: An index from your platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes, which brings three kinds of blood cell together as a measure of immunity and inflammation.^[106] Calculated in all five packages.
Globulin: A group of blood proteins, partly from your liver and partly from your immune system, that help with blood clotting and with fighting infections, among other things.^[51] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Rheumatoid factor: A protein of your immune system that targets healthy antibodies instead of pathogens.^[108] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Immunoglobulin A: Antibodies that protect your airways and digestion against infections; they are in your blood, saliva and tears.^[109] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
TPO antibodies: Antibodies against your own thyroid: proteins of your immune system that target healthy thyroid tissue.^[77] Measured in BioProfile 150.
ANA screen: Antibodies that target the nucleus of your own cells; having a few of them in your blood is normal.^[110] Measured in BioProfile 150.
tTG-IgA, coeliac: Antibodies that form in coeliac disease, an immune reaction to gluten from wheat, barley and rye.^[111] Measured in BioProfile 150.
Zinc: A trace element that forms part of many enzymes and is needed to build proteins and for your immune defences to work well.^[101] Measured in BioProfile 150.

Bone health

8 values (biomarkers)

Magnesium: A mineral your body needs to build bone and muscle and to pass on nerve signals.^[94] Measured in all five packages.
Vitamin D (25-OH): A vitamin for strong bones and teeth; your skin makes it itself when exposed to sunlight.^[95] Measured in all five packages.
ALP: An enzyme found in all your tissues, with the largest amounts in your liver, bile ducts and bones.^[48] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Calcium: A mineral for building and maintaining your bones and teeth, and for your nerves, muscles and blood clotting.^[96] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Corrected calcium: Your calcium converted to a normal albumin level, because the amount of calcium in your blood is closely tied to your albumin.^[112] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Phosphate: An electrolyte containing the mineral phosphorus; most of your phosphate sits in your bones together with calcium.^[69] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Estradiol: The main oestrogen in women during the fertile years; men make small amounts of it too, and it supports the brain and the bones.^[82] Measured in BioProfile 121 and 150.
Parathyroid hormone: The hormone from your parathyroid glands that regulates how much calcium is in your blood.^[93] Measured in BioProfile 150.

Muscles and joints

6 values (biomarkers)

Uric acid: A waste product that forms when your body breaks down purines; your kidneys carry it off in your urine.^[23] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
AST: An enzyme found mainly in your liver, but also in your heart and muscles; when those cells are damaged, it rises in your blood.^[46] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Creatinine: A waste product from your muscles that your kidneys filter out of your blood and remove through your urine.^[58] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
LDH: An enzyme that helps your cells make energy; it is in almost all of your tissues, most of all in muscle, liver, kidneys and red blood cells.^[56] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Creatine kinase: An enzyme that helps your muscles make energy and sits mainly in your skeletal muscles.^[113] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Rheumatoid factor: A protein of your immune system that targets healthy antibodies instead of pathogens.^[108] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.

Pancreas

2 values (biomarkers)

Amylase: An enzyme from your pancreas and salivary glands that helps digest carbohydrates.^[114] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Lipase: An enzyme, mostly from your pancreas, that helps digest fats.^[115] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.

Urinalysis

11 values (biomarkers)

Urine pH: How acidic or alkaline your urine is, measured with a test strip during the urine test.^[63] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine specific gravity: How concentrated your urine is, one of the standard tests in the urine analysis.^[63] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine leukocytes: White blood cells in your urine; these can point to a urinary tract infection.^[64] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine protein: Protein in your urine; normally, your urine contains very little protein.^[65] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine ketones: Ketones form when your body breaks down fat for energy because your cells are getting too little glucose; a small amount in your urine is normal.^[24] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine nitrite: Nitrite forms when bacteria convert the nitrate in your urine; it usually points to a urinary tract infection.^[64] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine glucose: Sugar in your urine; normally there is little or no glucose in it, because your kidneys send it back to your blood.^[25] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Urine occult blood: Blood in your urine that you cannot see with the naked eye. It is often harmless, for example after heavy exercise or during your period.^[66] Measured in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
Microalbumin, urine: Small amounts of the blood protein albumin in your urine; healthy kidneys let through no more than a trace.^[71] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
Cadmium, urine: The heavy metal cadmium, measured in your urine. Heavy metals are found in the environment and in food, and reach us through industry and farming.^{[116, 117]} Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.
Arsenic, urine: The heavy metal arsenic, measured in your urine. Arsenic occurs in low concentrations in rock, soil and groundwater, and in food mainly in rice.^{[118, 119]} Measured in the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.

Gut and digestion

2 values (biomarkers)

Immunoglobulin A: Antibodies that protect your airways and digestion against infections; they are in your blood, saliva and tears.^[109] Measured in BioProfile 98, 121 and 150.
tTG-IgA, coeliac: Antibodies that form in coeliac disease, an immune reaction to gluten from wheat, barley and rye.^[111] Measured in BioProfile 150.

Heavy metals

5 values (biomarkers)

Lead: A heavy metal that occurs naturally in the environment and can be harmful in your body.^{[116, 120]} Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.
Mercury: A heavy metal, found among other things in organic form in fish, that can be harmful in your body.^{[116, 121]} Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.
Cadmium, urine: The heavy metal cadmium, measured in your urine. Heavy metals are found in the environment and in food, and reach us through industry and farming.^{[116, 117]} Measured in BioProfile 150. It is also part of the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.
Aluminium: A metal that everyone takes in in small amounts through food, air, water and the soil. It is also tested as part of a heavy metals screening.^{[122, 116]} Measured in the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.
Arsenic, urine: The heavy metal arsenic, measured in your urine. Arsenic occurs in low concentrations in rock, soil and groundwater, and in food mainly in rice.^{[118, 119]} Measured in the separate test BioProfile Heavy metals.

Prostate

1 values (biomarkers)

PSA: A protein made by the prostate. A low level in your blood is normal.^[123] Measured in BioProfile 150.

General health

2 values (biomarkers)

PhenoAge biological age: A biological age calculated from your age and nine routine blood values. In a study of more than 11,000 adults, this measure was linked to the risk of death, even independently of calendar age.^[124] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.
PhenoAge acceleration: The difference between your PhenoAge biological age and your calendar age. A positive value means your body seems older than expected, a negative value means younger.^[124] Calculated in BioProfile 77, 98, 121 and 150.

Which packages measure these values

With every value you can see from which package BioProfile measures it. You can find all packages, with their price and the draw points, on the page about the blood test.

View the packages

How this page was made

The BioProfile editorial team wrote this page on 29 September 2026 and added the heavy metals on 5 October 2026. Every line comes from a public source we read on the day of writing, with that source's number beside it: MedlinePlus from the US National Library of Medicine, the Voedingscentrum, the Hartstichting, Sanquin, the World Health Organization (WHO), the US ATSDR and scientific publications. An expert has yet to review this page. This page explains and does not diagnose. Discuss an abnormal value with your GP.

Sources

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BioProfile, the blood test packages and the values in each package. https://bioprofile.com/en/blood-testing/
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Homocysteine Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/homocysteine-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Albumin Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/albumin-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ALT Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alt-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. AST Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ast-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/gamma-glutamyl-transferase-ggt-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Alkaline Phosphatase. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alkaline-phosphatase/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Bilirubin Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bilirubin-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Total Protein and Albumin/Globulin (A/G) Ratio. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/total-protein-and-albumin-globulin-a-g-ratio/
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/lactate-dehydrogenase-ldh-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Ceruloplasmin Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ceruloplasmin-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Creatinine Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/creatinine-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/glomerular-filtration-rate-gfr-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen). Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bun-blood-urea-nitrogen/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Sodium Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sodium-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Potassium Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/potassium-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Urinalysis. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003579.htm
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Nitrites in Urine. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/nitrites-in-urine/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Protein in Urine. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/protein-in-urine/
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Osmolality Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/osmolality-tests/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Chloride Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/chloride-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Phosphate in Blood. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/phosphate-in-blood/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in Blood. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/carbon-dioxide-co2-in-blood/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/microalbumin-creatinine-ratio/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Anion Gap Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/anion-gap-blood-test/
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/tsh-thyroid-stimulating-hormone-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Thyroxine (T4) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/thyroxine-t4-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Triiodothyronine (T3) Tests. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/triiodothyronine-t3-tests/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Thyroid Antibodies. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/thyroid-antibodies/
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Voedingscentrum. Selenium (seleen). Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/seleen.aspx
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Testosterone Levels Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/testosterone-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. SHBG Blood Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/shbg-blood-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Estrogen Levels Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/estrogen-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Progesterone Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/progesterone-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Levels Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/luteinizing-hormone-lh-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Levels Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/follicle-stimulating-hormone-fsh-levels-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Prolactin Levels. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/prolactin-levels/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. DHEA Sulfate Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/dhea-sulfate-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Cortisol Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/cortisol-test/
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Voedingscentrum. Magnesium. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/magnesium.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Vitamine D. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-d.aspx
Voedingscentrum. Calcium. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/calcium.aspx
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Voedingscentrum. Vitamine B6. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/vitamine-b6.aspx
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/rheumatoid-factor-rf-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Immunoglobulins Blood Test. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/immunoglobulins-blood-test/
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Amylase Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/amylase-test/
MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Lipase Tests. Accessed on 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/lipase-tests/
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MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test. Accessed 29 September 2026. https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/prostate-specific-antigen-psa-test/
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Blood values explained: what each biomarker measures

Health areas

Blood cells

Iron status

Blood sugar and metabolism

Heart and blood vessels

Liver

Kidneys and fluid balance

Thyroid

Hormones

Vitamins and minerals

Inflammation

Immune system

Bone health

Muscles and joints

Pancreas

Urinalysis

Gut and digestion

Heavy metals

Prostate

General health

Which packages measure these values

How this page was made

Sources

ANALYSIS

ADVICE

FOR EXPERTS

BIOPROFILE